The effects of exposure of human breast cancer cells to a 900, 1800 or 2450 MHz electromagnetic field on apoptosis, oxidative stress and the cytosolic Ca2+ concentration should be investigated at different distances to the field source.
The cells were divided into 4 groups: 1) control group, exposure to an electromagnetic field of 2) 900 MHz, 3) 1800 MHz and 4) 2450 MHz. In groups 2-4 cells were exposed at distances of 0 cm, 1 cm, 5 cm, 10 cm, 20 cm and 25 cm to the exposure source, respectively. Each exposure at each distance was repeated 4-6 times.
| Exposure | Parameters |
|---|---|
|
Exposure 1:
900 MHz
Modulation type:
pulsed
Exposure duration:
continuous for 1 hour
|
|
|
Exposure 2:
1,800 MHz
Exposure duration:
continuous for 1 hour
|
- |
|
Exposure 3:
2,450 MHz
Exposure duration:
continuous for 1 hour
|
- |
unit of SAR values not clear (mW/kg or W/kg) - contradictory specifications in text and table 1 and exposure setup and specifications for exposure to 1800 MHz and 2450 MHz fields (fields 2 and 3) not clear
| Frequency | 900 MHz |
|---|---|
| Type | |
| Exposure duration | continuous for 1 hour |
| Modulation type | pulsed |
|---|---|
| Repetition frequency | 217 Hz |
| Exposure source |
|
|---|---|
| Chamber | cells were kept in a circulatory water bath in falcon tubes (6 tubes at a time) |
| Setup | the exposure system was located in a special room that was fitted with plastic furniture to minimize the possibility of radiation reflection; the walls of the room were covered by chromium-nickel sheets (thickness: 1 mm) to protect the cells against possible external electromagnetic interference; falcon tubes were placed on a plexi glas table; distance was arranged at 0 cm, 1 cm, 5 cm, 10 cm, 20 cm and 25 cm between the falcon tubes and the antenna; temperature in room and flasks was maintained at 37°C and humidity of 83% |
| Measurand | Value | Type | Method | Mass | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| power density | 12 µW/cm² | maximum | measured | - | - |
| SAR | 0.36 mW/kg | mean | estimated | - | ± 0.02 mW/kg |
| SAR | 0.58 mW/kg | maximum | estimated | - | - |
| SAR | 0.18 mW/kg | minimum | estimated | - | - |
| Frequency | 1,800 MHz |
|---|---|
| Type | |
| Exposure duration | continuous for 1 hour |
No parameters are specified for this exposure.
| Frequency | 2,450 MHz |
|---|---|
| Type | |
| Exposure duration | continuous for 1 hour |
No parameters are specified for this exposure.
In all exposure groups (2-4), the cytosolic Ca2+ concentration was significantly increased in samples with a distance of 0-5 cm to the field source compared to the control group.
Cell viability was significantly reduced in group 2 (900 MHz) and 4 (2450 MHz) at distances of 0-5 cm and in group 3 (1800 MHz) at distances of 0-25 cm compared to the control group.
The generation of reactive oxygen species was significantly increased in all exposure groups in samples with a distance of 0-5 cm to the field source in comparison to the control group.
Apoptosis was significantly increased in groups 2 and 3 at distances of 0-10 cm and in group 4 at 0-5 cm compared to the control group.
The enzyme activities of caspase-3 and -9 were significantly increased in all exposure groups in samples with a distance of 0-5 cm to the field source when compared to the control group.
The authors conclude that exposure of human breast cancer cells to 900, 1800 and 2450 MHz electromagnetic fields might increase apoptosis, oxidative stress and the cytosolic Ca2+ concentration at distances of up to 10 cm to the source of the field. Thus, a safety distance of 10 cm to such exposure sources could mean an effective protection against these effects and an administration of TRPV1 ion channel blockers might be a sensible therapeutic approach for their treatment.
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