Study overviews

Experimental studies on the effects of young animals include studies with young animals prenatally or postnatally (before or after hatching) exposed to electromagnetic fields.

Young animals in this spirit means animals of the whole animal kingdom (but in this context mainly mammals and birds), exposed and investigated before their adulthood.

The graphics also include some experimental studies with children.

Experimental studies on the effects of low and radio frequency on young animals

840 studies in total
  1. 308 studies
  2. 295 studies
  3. 115 studies
  4. 52 studies
  5. 45 studies
  6. 15 studies
  7. 10 studies

Central nervous system

115 studies in total
  1. 83 studies
  2. 30 studies
  3. 3 studies
Authors Year Exposed system Endpoints Frequency range SAR Exposure duration Parameters
Hosseini E et al. 2023 animal, rat/ Wistar - - - - magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, low frequency, also other exposures without EMF, co-exposure
Dong L et al. 2021 - - 0.5 Hz - - magnetic field, low frequency
Zheng Y et al. 2021 - - 100–200 Hz - - magnetic field, electric current application, low frequency
Zheng Y et al. 2019 tissue slices, brain, rat/Sprague-Dawley synaptic plasticity 15–100 Hz - 10 s, 20 s, 40 s, 60 s and 5 min magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, low frequency
Kang S et al. 2018 - - 0.1–50 Hz - - signals/pulses, 50/60 Hz, electric current application
Sofiabadi M et al. 2018 animal, rat/Wistar (<i>in utero</i>), whole body - - - - magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, co-exposure
Dong L et al. 2018 tissue slices, brain slices - 15–100 Hz - - magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, signals/pulses
Akpinar D et al. 2016 animal, rat/Wistar albino (<i>in utero</i> and young animals), whole body mismatch negativity in the EEG and oxidative brain damage 50 Hz - 1 hour/day during gestation until birth (22 days) electric field, 50/60 Hz
Gok DK et al. 2016 animal, rat/Wistar albino, whole body evoked potentials and lipid peroxidation in the brain and retina of rats 50 Hz - daily for 1 hour/day every during pregnancy electric field, 50/60 Hz
Win-Shwe TT et al. 2015 - - 21 kHz - - magnetic field, intermediate frequency, induction cooker
Saha S et al. 2014 animal, mouse/C57BL/6, whole body: <i>in utero</i> double-strand breaks, apoptosis 50 Hz - continuous for 2 hours magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, also other exposures without EMF
Li Q et al. 2014 - - 200 Hz - - magnetic field, low frequency, signals/pulses, also other exposures without EMF
Hemmati M et al. 2014 animal, mouse/Balb/c (embryo), whole body: <i>in utero</i> protein expression of Reelin and Dab1 in the cortex 50 Hz - 5 hours/day for 3 consecutive days magnetic field, 50/60 Hz
Balassa T et al. 2013 animal, rat/Wistar (embryo and young animal), whole body synaptic functions 50 Hz - continuous for 7 days during the second week of pregnancy magnetic field, 50/60 Hz
Wang X et al. 2013 animal, mouse/albino Kunming, whole body spatial memory 50 Hz - continuous for 60 min/day from postnatal days 23 to 35 magnetic field, low frequency, 50/60 Hz
Fournier NM et al. 2012 animal, rat/Wistar albino, whole body: <i>in utero</i> morphology of hippocampus, behavior in open field, fear conditioning 50 Hz - continuous to different field patterns for 24 h/day during gestation (21 days) magnetic field, low frequency, signals/pulses, 50/60 Hz
McDonald KK et al. 2009 - - - - - magnetic field
Do Monte-Silva KK et al. 2007 animal, rat/ Wistar, partial body: paws - - - - signals/pulses, electric current application
Anselmo CW et al. 2006 animal, rat/Wistar, whole body: during pregnancy reflex maturation of newborn rats 60 Hz - repeated daily exposure, 2 h/days for 21 consecutive days magnetic field, 50/60 Hz
Lukac T et al. 2006 animal, rat/Mill Hill, whole body morphological and stereological changes in pineal gland 50 Hz - 7 h/day, 5 days/week for 3 months electric field, magnetic field, 50/60 Hz
St-Pierre LS et al. 2003 - - - - - magnetic field, signals/pulses
Canedo L et al. 2003 animal, rat/Wistar (<i>in utero</i>), whole body serotonin content in the cerebral cortex and pineal gland of young rats 60 Hz - continuous for 5 min, twice/week (6 sessions in total) during gestation magnetic field, 50/60 Hz
McNamee JP et al. 2002 animal, mouse/ICR, whole body DNA damage 60 Hz - continuous for 2 h magnetic field, 50/60 Hz
Lee BC et al. 2001 - - - - continuous during gestation period (0 to 19) magnetic field
Min YS et al. 2001 animal, chicken/Ross, whole body levels of noradrenaline, tyrosine, GABA in the brain, sleep duration and onset time 60 Hz - 3 h, 6 h, 9 h or 12 h magnetic field, 50/60 Hz
Harry GJ et al. 2000 animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley, whole body - 60 Hz - continuous 18.5 h per day, 7 days a week , from gestational day 0 to postnatal day 20 magnetic field, 50/60 Hz
Mulligan S et al. 1998 - - - - - magnetic field
Yip YP et al. 1995 animal, chicken/White Leghorn, whole body: <i>in ovo</i> - 15 Hz - continuous for 6 hr RF field, magnetic field, static magnetic field, MRI
Dimberg Y 1995 - - - - - magnetic field
Jaffe RA et al. 1983 animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley albino, whole body - 60 Hz - continuous 20 h/day from conception to testing (postnatal days 11-20) electric field, 50/60 Hz