Study overviews

Experimental studies on the effects of young animals include studies with young animals prenatally or postnatally (before or after hatching) exposed to electromagnetic fields.

Young animals in this spirit means animals of the whole animal kingdom (but in this context mainly mammals and birds), exposed and investigated before their adulthood.

The graphics also include some experimental studies with children.

Experimental studies on the effects of low and radio frequency on young animals

840 studies in total
  1. 308 studies
  2. 295 studies
  3. 115 studies
  4. 52 studies
  5. 45 studies
  6. 15 studies
  7. 10 studies

Central nervous system

115 studies in total
  1. 83 studies
  2. 30 studies
  3. 3 studies
Authors Year Exposed system Endpoints Frequency range SAR Exposure duration Parameters
Albert EN et al. 1988 - - - - - microwaves, CW continuous wave, 2.45 GHz
Chiang H et al. 1987 - - 3 GHz 3.5 mW/g repeated daily exposure, 5 h/day, see add. information microwaves, low level microwaves, PW pulsed wave
Khadrawy VA et al. 2009 animal, rat/albino - 900 MHz 1.165 W/kg continuous for 1 h/day for up to 4 months mobile phone, mobile communications
Yip YP et al. 1995 animal, chicken/White Leghorn, whole body: <i>in ovo</i> - 15 Hz - continuous for 6 hr RF field, magnetic field, static magnetic field, MRI
Paulraj R et al. 2012 - - 9.9 GHz 1 W/kg 2 h/day for 35 days microwaves, radar
Paulraj R et al. 2012 - - 16.5 GHz 2.01 W/kg continuous for 2 h/day at 35 days (6 days/week) low level microwaves, AM amplitude modulation
Motawi TK et al. 2014 animal, rat/Wistar albino - 900 MHz - - mobile phone, GSM, mobile communications
Movvahedi MM et al. 2014 human, partial body: ear - 900 MHz 1.45 W/kg - mobile phone, GSM, mobile communications
Sahin A et al. 2015 animal, rat/Sprague Dawley, whole body - 900 MHz 0.024 W/kg - mobile phone, mobile communications
Masuda H et al. 2015 animal, rat/Sprague Dawley - 1,457 MHz - - mobile communications, PDC, microwaves
Odaci E et al. 2016 - - - - - mobile phone, mobile communications, RF field
Guler G et al. 2016 animal, rabbit/New Zealand White, whole body - 1,800 MHz 18 mW/kg - GSM, mobile communications
Ikinci A et al. 2016 - - 900 MHz - - mobile phone, mobile communications
Petitdant N et al. 2016 - - 900 MHz - - mobile phone, GSM, mobile communications, RF field, PW pulsed wave, co-exposure
Bhargav H et al. 2016 human - 2,100 MHz 0.4–0.54 W/kg - mobile phone, UMTS, mobile communications
Kerimoglu G et al. 2016 - - 900 MHz - - mobile phone, mobile communications, RF field
Xu F et al. 2016 - - 1,800 MHz - - mobile phone, mobile communications
Sharma A et al. 2017 animal, mouse/Swiss albino (pregnant females) - 10 GHz - - microwaves
An K et al. 2015 animal, rat/Wistar (pregnant females and fetuses) - 900 MHz - - mobile phone, mobile communications, co-exposure
Sharma A et al. 2017 - - 10 GHz - - microwaves
Lameth J et al. 2017 animal, rat/Wistar (adults and pubs), partial body - 1,800 MHz - - mobile communications, mobile phone, GSM, PW pulsed wave
Ghatei N et al. 2017 animal, mouse/BALB/c (pregnant females and young animal) - 900–1,800 MHz - - mobile communications
Zhang JP et al. 2017 animal, mouse/C57BL/6, whole body - 1.8 GHz - - mobile phone, mobile communications, RF field
DastAmooz S et al. 2018 - - 2.4 GHz - - W-LAN/WiFi, RF field
Keleş Aİ et al. 2018 animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley - 900 MHz - - -
Ahmed NA et al. 2018 animal, rat/Wistar albino (adults and young animal) - 1,800 MHz - - mobile communications, mobile phone, PW pulsed wave
Keleş Aİ et al. 2019 animal, rat/Sprague Dawley - 900 MHz - - mobile communications, mobile phone, RF field, CW continuous wave
Hong S et al. 2020 animal, rat/Sprague Dawley - 800–1,900 MHz - - mobile communications, mobile phone
Azimzadeh M et al. 2020 animal, rat/Sprague Dawley - 900 MHz - - mobile communications, mobile phone base station
Akakin D et al. 2021 animal, rat/Wistar (<i>in utero</i> and young animals) - 1,800 MHz - - mobile communications, mobile phone
Kim JH et al. 2021 - - 1,760–1,850 MHz - - RF field
Gülsüm Deniz Ö et al. 2022 animal, rat/Wistar albino (pregnant females and fetuses) - 900 MHz - - mobile communications, also other exposures without EMF, co-exposure
Rashidova AM 2021 - - 460 MHz - - microwaves
Singh KV et al. 2023 animal, rat/ Wistar - 2,115 MHz - - mobile communications, mobile phone
Okur ZH et al. 2021 animal, rat/ Wistar albino - - - - mobile communications, mobile phone
Tan B et al. 2022 - - - - - 2.45 GHz, microwaves, CW continuous wave
Bas O et al. 2022 - - 900 MHz - - RF field
Jamakosmanovic A et al. 1988 - - - - - CW continuous wave, microwaves, 2.45 GHz
Yucel H et al. 2022 - - - - - 2.45 GHz, RF field
Drecun M et al. 1989 - - - - - microwaves, 2.45 GHz, PW pulsed wave
Guessab A et al. 1983 - - - - - microwaves, radar
Akefe IO et al. 2023 animal, mouse - 900 MHz - - mobile communications, mobile phone, RF field, also other exposures without EMF, co-exposure
Nakas M et al. 1981 - - - - - microwaves, 2.45 GHz
Drecun M et al. 1982 - - - - - 2.45 GHz, microwaves
Drecun M et al. 1985 - - - - - 2.45 GHz, microwaves
Drecun M et al. 1979 - - - - - microwaves, 2.45 GHz
Nakas M et al. 1979 - - - - - 2.45 GHz, microwaves
Jamakosmanovic A et al. 1979 - - - - - 2.45 GHz, microwaves, CW continuous wave
El-Kafoury BMA et al. 2023 animal, rat/ Wistar - - - - mobile communications, mobile phone, GSM, also other exposures without EMF, co-exposure
Besset D et al. 2024 - - - - - RF field