Experimental studies on the effects of young animals include studies with young animals prenatally or postnatally (before or after hatching) exposed to electromagnetic fields.
Young animals in this spirit means animals of the whole animal kingdom (but in this context mainly mammals and birds), exposed and investigated before their adulthood.
The graphics also include some experimental studies with children.
Authors | Year | Exposed system | Endpoints | Frequency range | SAR | Exposure duration | Parameters |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Keleş Aİ et al. | 2018 | animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley | - | 900 MHz | - | - | - |
Yucel H et al. | 2022 | - | - | - | - | - | 2.45 GHz, RF field |
Drecun M et al. | 1982 | - | - | - | - | - | 2.45 GHz, microwaves |
Drecun M et al. | 1985 | - | - | - | - | - | 2.45 GHz, microwaves |
Nakas M et al. | 1979 | - | - | - | - | - | 2.45 GHz, microwaves |
Tan B et al. | 2022 | - | - | - | - | - | 2.45 GHz, microwaves, CW continuous wave |
Jamakosmanovic A et al. | 1979 | - | - | - | - | - | 2.45 GHz, microwaves, CW continuous wave |
Jamakosmanovic A et al. | 1988 | - | - | - | - | - | CW continuous wave, microwaves, 2.45 GHz |
Croft RJ et al. | 2010 | human, partial body: left/right hemisphere | resting EEG (alpha waves) | 894.6 MHz | 0.7–1.7 W/kg | continuous for 55 min | GSM, W-CDMA, mobile communications |
Leung S et al. | 2011 | human, partial body: left/right hemisphere | event-related potentials and performance during oddball paradigma and n-back task | 894.6 MHz | 0.7–1.7 W/kg | continuous for 55 min | GSM, W-CDMA, mobile communications |
Kramarenko AV et al. | 2003 | human, partial body: ear | EEG | 100 MHz | - | - | GSM, mobile communications |
Krause CM et al. | 2006 | human, partial body: head | oscillatory EEG responses during cognitive processing in children | 902 MHz | 1.4–1.98 W/kg | continuous for 30 min | GSM, mobile communications |
Watilliaux A et al. | 2011 | animal, rat/Wistar, partial body: head (mainly) | stress reaction and glial activation in the immature brain | 1,800 MHz | 0.13–2.5 W/kg | continuous for 2 h on postnatal day 5, 15 or 35 | GSM, mobile communications |
Guler G et al. | 2016 | animal, rabbit/New Zealand White, whole body | - | 1,800 MHz | 18 mW/kg | - | GSM, mobile communications |
Ushiyama A et al. | 2007 | animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley | effects on blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier permeability | 1.5 GHz | 0.5–10.4 W/kg | continuous for 30 min | PDC, TDMA, mobile communications |
Kim JH et al. | 2021 | - | - | 1,760–1,850 MHz | - | - | RF field |
Bas O et al. | 2022 | - | - | 900 MHz | - | - | RF field |
Besset D et al. | 2024 | - | - | - | - | - | RF field |
Ait-Aissa S et al. | 2010 | animal, rat/Wistar, whole body | gliosis and apoptosis in the brains of young rats | 2.45 GHz | 0.08–9 W/kg | continuous for 2 h/day, 5 days/week for 2 weeks (day 6 to day 21 of gestation) or 7 weeks (day 6 to day 21 of gestation + 5 weeks after birth) | RF field, W-LAN/WiFi, 2.45 GHz |
Yip YP et al. | 1995 | animal, chicken/White Leghorn, whole body: <i>in ovo</i> | - | 15 Hz | - | continuous for 6 hr | RF field, magnetic field, static magnetic field, MRI |
Furtado-Filho OV et al. | 2015 | animal, rat, whole body | oxidative damages of DNA, proteins and lipids in the cortex | 950 MHz | 0.35–1.32 W/kg | continuous for 30 min/day from the first day of gestation until birth | UHF fields |
DastAmooz S et al. | 2018 | - | - | 2.4 GHz | - | - | W-LAN/WiFi, RF field |
Othman H et al. | 2017 | animal, rat/Wistar albino (embryo), whole body | mental development and oxidative stress in brain of rat pups | 2.45 GHz | - | 2 hours/day during gestation | W-LAN/WiFi, RF field, 2.45 GHz |
Kumlin T et al. | 2007 | animal, rat/Wistar, whole body | brain development | 900 MHz | 0.3–3 W/kg | repeated daily exposure, 2 h/day, 5 days/week, for 5 weeks | digital mobile phone, GSM, mobile communications |
Ragbetli MC et al. | 2010 | animal, mouse/Swiss albino, whole body | number of Purkinje cells and granule cells in the developing cerebellum | 890–915 MHz | 0.95 W/kg | continuous for 12 hr/day - 11 hr + 45 min. in stand-by mode, 15 min. in talking mode - for 19 - 20 days druing gestation | digital mobile phone, GSM, mobile communications, PW pulsed wave |
Paulraj R et al. | 2012 | - | - | 16.5 GHz | 2.01 W/kg | continuous for 2 h/day at 35 days (6 days/week) | low level microwaves, AM amplitude modulation |
Paulraj R et al. | 2006 | animal, rat/Wistar, whole body | morphological changes and protein kinase C enzyme activity in the developing rat brain | 2.45 GHz | 0.11 W/kg | continuous for 2 h/day on 35 days | microwave pulses, 2.45 GHz |
Sharma A et al. | 2017 | animal, mouse/Swiss albino (pregnant females) | - | 10 GHz | - | - | microwaves |
Sharma A et al. | 2017 | - | - | 10 GHz | - | - | microwaves |
Rashidova AM | 2021 | - | - | 460 MHz | - | - | microwaves |
Nakas M et al. | 1981 | - | - | - | - | - | microwaves, 2.45 GHz |
Drecun M et al. | 1979 | - | - | - | - | - | microwaves, 2.45 GHz |
Drecun M et al. | 1989 | - | - | - | - | - | microwaves, 2.45 GHz, PW pulsed wave |
Albert EN et al. | 1981 | animal, squirrel monkey (<i>Saimiri sciureus</i>), whole body | density of Purkinje cells in the cerebellar uvula | 2.45 GHz | 3.4 mW/g | 3 h/day from the thirty-fifth day of gestation + 9.5 months after birth | microwaves, CW continuous wave, 2.45 GHz |
Albert EN et al. | 1981 | animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley, whole body | density of Purkinje cells in developing rat brains | 100 MHz | 2–2.77 mW/g | 21 h/day for 5 days | microwaves, CW continuous wave, 2.45 GHz |
Albert EN et al. | 1988 | - | - | - | - | - | microwaves, CW continuous wave, 2.45 GHz |
Merritt JH et al. | 1984 | animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley, whole body: in utero | brain development | 2.45 GHz | 400 µW/g | repeated daily exposure, 24 h/day for 16 days | microwaves, PW pulsed wave, 2.45 GHz |
Drecun M et al. | 1990 | animal, rat/Wistar, partial body: head | EEG | 2.45 GHz | - | continuous for two weeks; started on the sixth day after birth | microwaves, PW pulsed wave, 2.45 GHz |
Orendacova J et al. | 2011 | animal, rat/Wistar albino, whole body | postnatal neurogenesis | 2.45 GHz | - | continuous for 2 h on postnatal day 7 or day 28 | microwaves, PW pulsed wave, 2.45 GHz |
Chiang H et al. | 1987 | - | - | 3 GHz | 3.5 mW/g | repeated daily exposure, 5 h/day, see add. information | microwaves, low level microwaves, PW pulsed wave |
Inaloz SS et al. | 1997 | animal, rat/Wistar, whole body | histological changes of the brain of the dams and their offspring | 2.45 GHz | 2.3 mW/g | NIR15: 15 min/day, NIR30: 30 min/day from gestation to day of birth (21st or 22nd day after gest.) | microwaves, microw. oven/heating device |
Paulraj R et al. | 2012 | - | - | 9.9 GHz | 1 W/kg | 2 h/day for 35 days | microwaves, radar |
Guessab A et al. | 1983 | - | - | - | - | - | microwaves, radar |
Odaci E et al. | 2008 | animal, rat/Wistar albino, partial body: maternal head | histopathology of the hippocampus, number of granule cells in the dentate gyrus | 900 MHz | 2 W/kg | 60 min/day, from the first to the last day of gestation | mobile communications |
Ghatei N et al. | 2017 | animal, mouse/BALB/c (pregnant females and young animal) | - | 900–1,800 MHz | - | - | mobile communications |
Masuda H et al. | 2015 | animal, rat/Sprague Dawley | - | 1,457 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, PDC, microwaves |
Gülsüm Deniz Ö et al. | 2022 | animal, rat/Wistar albino (pregnant females and fetuses) | - | 900 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, also other exposures without EMF, co-exposure |
Aslan A et al. | 2017 | animal, rat/Sprague Dawley, whole body | cerebellar morphology | 900 MHz | 0.01 W/kg | 1 hour/day for 25 consecutive days | mobile communications, mobile phone |
Hong S et al. | 2020 | animal, rat/Sprague Dawley | - | 800–1,900 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, mobile phone |
Akakin D et al. | 2021 | animal, rat/Wistar (<i>in utero</i> and young animals) | - | 1,800 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, mobile phone |
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