Non-invasive brain stimulation techniques for chronic pain. A report of a Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis review

Endpoint

• treatment/therapy: chronic pain treatment applying repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), cranial electrotherapy stimulation (CES), and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)

Exposure

• • magnetic field
  • static magnetic field
• • signals/pulses
  • therapeutic/medical device
  • electrotherapy
  • TMS (transcranial stimulation)