Neuromuscular electrostimulation techniques: historical aspects and current possibilities in treatment of pain and muscle waisting review

Endpoint

• effects on the cardiovascular system
• effects on the neurological system: transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS)
• treatment/therapy: historical aspects and current possibilities of modern development of neuromuscular stimulation, prevention and treatment of muscle wasting
• potential mechanisms involved in analgesic action of electrical stimulation

Exposure

• • electric current application
  • therapeutic/medical device
  • electrotherapy