Magnetic resonance imaging: bioeffects and safety concerns review

Endpoint

• effects on embryo/fetus: MRI during pregnancy
• general health aspects of static magnetic fields (e.g., vertigo, nausea), gradient magnetic fields (e.g., stimulation of muscles and nerves, phosphene) and radio frequency fields (especially hyperthermia)

Exposure

• • static magnetic field
  • low frequency
  • intermediate frequency
  • RF field
• • MRI