A case-control study was conducted in China to investigate the association between exposure to electrical appliances in early pregnancy and the risk of congenital heart disease in the newborns.
| Group | Description |
|---|---|
| Reference group 1 | mobile phone use: no |
| Group 2 | mobile phone use: ≥ 1 day per week and ≥ 0.5 hour per day |
| Reference group 3 | television use: no |
| Group 4 | television use: ≥ 1 day per week and ≥ 0.5 hour per day |
| Reference group 5 | computer use: no |
| Group 6 | computer use: ≥ 1 day per week and ≥ 0.5 hour per day |
| Reference group 7 | induction cooker use: no |
| Group 8 | induction cooker use: exposure during cooking |
| Reference group 9 | microwave oven use: no |
| Group 10 | microwave oven use: exposure during operation within 1 m of it |
| Reference group 11 | wearing of a radiation protection suit: no |
| Group 12 | wearing of a radiation protection suit: yes |
| Reference group 13 | daily mobile phone use: no |
| Group 14 | daily mobile phone use: ≤ 3 hours |
| Group 15 | daily mobile phone use: 3 - 5 hours |
| Group 16 | daily mobile phone use: > 5 hours |
| Reference group 17 | daily television: no |
| Group 18 | daily television: ≤ 1 hour |
| Group 19 | daily television: 1 - 2 hours |
| Group 20 | daily television: > 2 hours |
| Reference group 21 | daily computer use: no |
| Group 22 | daily computer use: ≤ 2 hours |
| Group 23 | daily computer use: 2 - 5 hours |
| Group 24 | daily computer use: > 5 hours |
| Reference group 25 | daily induction cooker use: no |
| Group 26 | daily induction cooker use: ≤ 10 min |
| Group 27 | daily induction cooker use: 10 - 20 min |
| Group 28 | daily induction cooker use: > 20 min |
| Reference group 29 | daily microwave oven use: no |
| Group 30 | daily microwave oven use: ≤ 1 min |
| Group 31 | daily microwave oven use: 1 - 2 min |
| Group 32 | daily microwave oven use: > 2 min |
| Cases | Controls | |
|---|---|---|
| Participants | 585 | 1,754 |
Mothers exposed to computers (group 6: OR 1.33; CI 1.03-1.71), induction cookers (group 8: OR 2.79; CI 2.19-3.55), and microwave ovens (group 10: OR 1.53; CI 1.01-2.31) during early pregnancy had a higher risk to give birth to infants with congenital heart disease. Mothers who wore radiation protection suits (group 12: OR 0.67; CI 0.52-0.87) during early pregnancy decreased the risk of congenital heart disease in their newborns. The additive interactions analysis showed that wearing radiation protection suits could lower the risk of induction cooker exposure for congenital heart disease in their newborns (excess risk for interaction (RERI) −1.44, CI −2.48, −0.39).
The authors concluded that exposure to some electrical appliances in early pregnancy was associated with a higher risk of congenital heart disease in the newborns. Wearing a radiation protection suit was associated with a lower risk of congenital heart disease. Women should therefore reduce the usage of electrical appliances before and during pregnancy.
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