Epidemiological studies of low and radio frequency exposure on children's health comprise the following studies:
Authors | Year | Study type | Study group | Observation period | Study location | Endpoints | Parameters |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Khan MW et al. | 2018 | preliminary study | women, children in utero, 18–40 years | 2008 - 2015 | Finland | miscarriage, reduced birth weight, smallness for gestational age and preterm birth | EAS/RFID, magnetic field, static magnetic field, low frequency, intermediate frequency, co-exposure, occupational |
Kok RD et al. | 2004 | - | children, children in utero, newborns, 0–9 years | 1998 - 2000 | The Netherlands | birth weight, gestational age at birth, type of delivery, and arterial pH at birth, neurological evaluation (functioning of eyes and ears), gross and fine motor functioning, social development and communication | MRI |
Myers C et al. | 1998 | - | women, children in utero | not stated | UK | gestational age at delivery, APGAR scores at 1 and 5 min, admission to the neonatal unit, method of delivery, birthweight and individualized birthweight ratio | MRI |
Baker PN et al. | 1994 | cross-sectional study | children, children in utero, 0–3 years | - | UK | reproductive effects and pregnancy outcomes, others | MRI |
Ray JG et al. | 2016 | cohort study | women, children in utero, 16–49 years | 2003 - 2015 | Canada | stillbirth, neonatal death within 28 days of birth, congenital anomaly, neoplasm, hearing or vision loss | MRI |
Chartier AL et al. | 2019 | case-control study | women, children in utero, newborns | 2008 - 2015 | USA | birth weight, hearing impairment | MRI |
Strizek B et al. | 2015 | case-control study | children in utero, newborns | 2008 - 2012 | Belgium | birth weight | MRI, also other exposures without EMF |
Yamaguchi-Sekino S et al. | 2024 | - | women, newborns | not stated | Japan | premature birth and low birth weight | MRI, occupational |
Kanal E et al. | 1993 | - | women, children in utero, newborns | 1990 | USA | live birth, miscarriage, infertility, preterm delivery, gender of the offspring, and birth weight | RF field, magnetic field, static magnetic field, DC, MRI, occupational |
Windham GC et al. | 1990 | case-control study | women, children in utero, newborns | 1986 - 1987 | USA | spontaneous abortion, low birthweight, and intrauterine growth retardation | electric field, magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, PC/TV monitor, occupational |
Nielsen CV et al. | 1992 | case-control study | women, children in utero, newborns | 1984 - 1985 | Denmark | low birthweight, preterm birth, infant mortality | electric field, magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, PC/TV monitor, occupational |
Wertheimer N et al. | 1986 | - | women, children in utero, newborns | 1975 - 1981 | USA | abortion, congenital malformation, birth weight, gestation period | electric field, magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, other domestic appliance, personal |
Nordström S et al. | 1983 | - | men, children in utero, newborns | 1953 - 1979 | Sweden | spontaneous abortion, perinatal death (stillbirth and deaths before 7 days of age), congenital malformation | electric field, magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, electrical substation, occupational |
de Vocht F et al. | 2014 | cohort study | women, children in utero, newborns | 2004 - 2008 | UK | preterm birth, spontaneous preterm birth, small for gestational age, low birthweight (< 2500g), birth weight | electric field, magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, underground cable, electrical substation, residential |
Törnqvist S | 1998 | cohort study | men, children in utero, newborns | 1973 - 1995 | Sweden | all childhood cancer, multiple births, birth weight, sex, survival, and congenital malformations | electric field, magnetic field, electrical substation, occupational |
Tokinobu A et al. | 2021 | - | women, children in utero, newborns | 2007 - 2008 | Japan | preterm birth, low birth weight and small‐for‐gestational‐age | intermediate frequency, induction cooker, magnetic field |
Grajewski B et al. | 1997 | cross-sectional study | women, children in utero, newborns | 1983 - 1986 | USA | reduced birthweight and preterm birth | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, PC/TV monitor, intermediate frequency, occupational |
Schnorr TM et al. | 1991 | cohort study | women, children in utero | 1983 - 1986 | USA | spontaneous abortion | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, PC/TV monitor, occupational |
Lindbohm ML et al. | 1992 | case-control study | women, children in utero | 1975 - 1985 | Finland | spontaneous abortion | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, PC/TV monitor, occupational |
Parazzini F et al. | 1993 | meta-analysis | women, children in utero, newborns | 1976 - 1987 | USA, Canada, Sweden, Denmark, Finland | miscarriage, low birth weight, and congenital malformation | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, PC/TV monitor, occupational |
Kurppa K et al. | 1985 | case-control study | women, children in utero, newborns | 1976 - 1982 | Finland | congenital malformations (defects of the central nervous system, orofacial clefts, skeletal defects, or cardiovascular malformations) | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, PC/TV monitor, occupational |
Ericson A et al. | 1986 | cohort study | women, children in utero, newborns | 1976 - 1977, 1980 | Sweden | spontaneous abortions, stillbirths, early neonatal deaths (< 7 days age), birth weight, malformations | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, PC/TV monitor, occupational |
Goldhaber MK et al. | 1988 | case-control study | women, children in utero, newborns | 1981 - 1982 | USA | miscarriages, birth defects | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, PC/TV monitor, occupational |
McDonald AD et al. | 1986 | - | women, children in utero, newborns | 1982 - 1984 | Canada | spontaneous a.bortion, congenital defects | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, PC/TV monitor, occupational |
McDonald AD et al. | 1988 | - | women, children in utero, newborns | 1982 - 1984 | Canada | spontaneous abortions, stillbirth, congenital defect, and low birth weight | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, PC/TV monitor, occupational |
Nurminen T et al. | 1988 | case-control study | women, children in utero, newborns | 1976 - 1982 | Finland | threatened abortion, length of gestation, birthweight, placental weight, and maternal blood pressure | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, PC/TV monitor, occupational |
Brandt LP et al. | 1990 | case-control study | women, children in utero, newborns | 1984 - 1985 | Denmark | congenital malformations | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, PC/TV monitor, occupational |
Tikkanen J et al. | 1990 | case-control study | women, children in utero, newborns | 1982 - 1984 | Finland | cardiovascular malformations | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, PC/TV monitor, occupational |
Ericson A et al. | 1986 | case-control study | women, children in utero, newborns | 1980 - 1981 | Sweden | spontaneous abortions, stillbirths, early neonatal deaths (< 7 days age), birth weight, malformations | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, PC/TV monitor, occupational, also other exposures without EMF |
Bryant HE et al. | 1989 | case-control study | women, children in utero | January 1984 - April 1985 | Canada | spontaneous abortion | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, PC/TV monitor, personal |
Dlugosz L et al. | 1992 | case-control study | women, children in utero, newborns | 1988 - 1989 | USA | congenital defects | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, electric blanket, other domestic appliance, personal |
Shaw GM et al. | 1999 | case-control study | women, children in utero, newborns | 1989 - 1991 | USA | neural tube defect and orofacial cleft | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, electric blanket, other domestic appliance, personal |
Ren Y et al. | 2019 | cohort study | women, children in utero, newborns | 2012 | China | fetal growth: birth weight, skinfold thickness of back, triceps and abdomen, circumference of head, upper arm and abdomen | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, low frequency, personal |
Ingle ME et al. | 2020 | cohort study | women, children in utero, 18–46 years | 2012 - 2018 | USA | implantation, clinical pregnancy, live birth and pregnancy loss | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, low frequency, personal |
Blaasaas KG et al. | 2002 | cohort study | men, women, children in utero, newborns | 1967 - 1995 | Norway | 24 different birth defects | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, occupational |
Li DK et al. | 1995 | case-control study | children in utero, newborns | 1990 - 1991 | USA | congenital urinary tract anomalies | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, other domestic appliance, personal |
Bracken MB et al. | 1995 | cohort study | women, children in utero, newborns | 1998 - 1991 | USA | birthweight and intrauterine growth retardation | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, PC/TV monitor, other domestic appliance, residential, personal |
Wang Q et al. | 2013 | cohort study | women, children in utero | May 2010 - May 2012 | China | miscarriage | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, electrical substation, residential |
Robert E et al. | 1996 | case-control study | children in utero, newborns | 1988 - 1991 | France | congenital anomaly | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential |
Savitz DA et al. | 1994 | case-control study | women, children in utero, newborns | 1976 - 1983 | USA | miscarriage, low birth weight, preterm delivery | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential |
Robert E | 1993 | case-control study | women, children in utero, newborns | 1988 - 1989 | France | birth defects: chromosomal aberrations, central nervous system anomalies, skeletal malformations, cardiac defects, facial clefts, hypospadias, anomalies of the digestive system, and anomalies of the urinary system | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential |
Blaasaas KG et al. | 2003 | cohort study | children in utero, newborns | 1980 - 1997 | Norway | birth defects | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential |
Blaasaas KG et al. | 2004 | case-control study | children in utero, newborns | 1980, January 1986 - August 1997 | Norway | birth defects: central nervous system defects, clubfoot, oesophageal defects, cardiac defects, respiratory system defects | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential |
Auger N et al. | 2011 | - | women, children in utero, newborns | 1990 - 2004 | Canada | preterm birth, low birth weight, small-for-gestational-age birth, and infant sex | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential |
Auger N et al. | 2012 | cohort study, retrospective cohort study | women, children in utero | 1998 - 2007 | Canada | stillbirth | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential |
Malagoli C et al. | 2012 | case-control study | women, children in utero, newborns | 1998 - 2006 | Italy | birth defects | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential |
Mahram M et al. | 2013 | cohort study | women, children in utero, newborns | 2011 | Iran | preterm delivery, duration of pregnancy, caesarean section, cause for caesarean section, birth weight and length, head circumference at birth, congenital abnormalities | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential |
Lee GM et al. | 2002 | case-control study | women, children in utero | March1990 - April 1991 | USA | miscarriage | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential, personal |
Eskelinen T et al. | 2016 | cohort study | women, children in utero, 18–44 years | 1990 - 1994 | Finland | time to pregnancy, birth weight and small for gestational age | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, underground cable, electrical substation, other domestic appliance, residential, personal |
Juutilainen J et al. | 1993 | case-control study | women, children in utero | 1984 - 1986 | Finland | early pregnancy loss | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, residential |
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