Epidemiological studies of low and radio frequency exposure on children's health comprise the following studies:
Authors | Year | Study type | Study group | Observation period | Study location | Endpoints | Parameters |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ray JG et al. | 2016 | cohort study | women, children in utero, 16–49 years | 2003 - 2015 | Canada | stillbirth, neonatal death within 28 days of birth, congenital anomaly, neoplasm, hearing or vision loss | MRI |
Shamsi Mahmoudabadi F et al. | 2013 | case-control study | women, children in utero, 18–35 years | May - Dec 2012 | Iran | spontaneous abortion | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, residential |
Khan MW et al. | 2018 | preliminary study | women, children in utero, 18–40 years | 2008 - 2015 | Finland | miscarriage, reduced birth weight, smallness for gestational age and preterm birth | EAS/RFID, magnetic field, static magnetic field, low frequency, intermediate frequency, co-exposure, occupational |
Eskelinen T et al. | 2016 | cohort study | women, children in utero, 18–44 years | 1990 - 1994 | Finland | time to pregnancy, birth weight and small for gestational age | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, underground cable, electrical substation, other domestic appliance, residential, personal |
Ingle ME et al. | 2020 | cohort study | women, children in utero, 18–46 years | 2012 - 2018 | USA | implantation, clinical pregnancy, live birth and pregnancy loss | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, low frequency, personal |
Grajewski B et al. | 1997 | cross-sectional study | women, children in utero, newborns | 1983 - 1986 | USA | reduced birthweight and preterm birth | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, PC/TV monitor, intermediate frequency, occupational |
Bracken MB et al. | 1995 | cohort study | women, children in utero, newborns | 1998 - 1991 | USA | birthweight and intrauterine growth retardation | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, PC/TV monitor, other domestic appliance, residential, personal |
Parazzini F et al. | 1993 | meta-analysis | women, children in utero, newborns | 1976 - 1987 | USA, Canada, Sweden, Denmark, Finland | miscarriage, low birth weight, and congenital malformation | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, PC/TV monitor, occupational |
Kurppa K et al. | 1985 | case-control study | women, children in utero, newborns | 1976 - 1982 | Finland | congenital malformations (defects of the central nervous system, orofacial clefts, skeletal defects, or cardiovascular malformations) | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, PC/TV monitor, occupational |
Wertheimer N et al. | 1986 | - | women, children in utero, newborns | 1975 - 1981 | USA | abortion, congenital malformation, birth weight, gestation period | electric field, magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, other domestic appliance, personal |
Savitz DA et al. | 1994 | case-control study | women, children in utero, newborns | 1976 - 1983 | USA | miscarriage, low birth weight, preterm delivery | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential |
Robert E | 1993 | case-control study | women, children in utero, newborns | 1988 - 1989 | France | birth defects: chromosomal aberrations, central nervous system anomalies, skeletal malformations, cardiac defects, facial clefts, hypospadias, anomalies of the digestive system, and anomalies of the urinary system | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential |
Dlugosz L et al. | 1992 | case-control study | women, children in utero, newborns | 1988 - 1989 | USA | congenital defects | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, electric blanket, other domestic appliance, personal |
Shaw GM et al. | 1999 | case-control study | women, children in utero, newborns | 1989 - 1991 | USA | neural tube defect and orofacial cleft | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, electric blanket, other domestic appliance, personal |
Ericson A et al. | 1986 | case-control study | women, children in utero, newborns | 1980 - 1981 | Sweden | spontaneous abortions, stillbirths, early neonatal deaths (< 7 days age), birth weight, malformations | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, PC/TV monitor, occupational, also other exposures without EMF |
Ericson A et al. | 1986 | cohort study | women, children in utero, newborns | 1976 - 1977, 1980 | Sweden | spontaneous abortions, stillbirths, early neonatal deaths (< 7 days age), birth weight, malformations | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, PC/TV monitor, occupational |
Goldhaber MK et al. | 1988 | case-control study | women, children in utero, newborns | 1981 - 1982 | USA | miscarriages, birth defects | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, PC/TV monitor, occupational |
Kanal E et al. | 1993 | - | women, children in utero, newborns | 1990 | USA | live birth, miscarriage, infertility, preterm delivery, gender of the offspring, and birth weight | RF field, magnetic field, static magnetic field, DC, MRI, occupational |
McDonald AD et al. | 1986 | - | women, children in utero, newborns | 1982 - 1984 | Canada | spontaneous a.bortion, congenital defects | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, PC/TV monitor, occupational |
McDonald AD et al. | 1988 | - | women, children in utero, newborns | 1982 - 1984 | Canada | spontaneous abortions, stillbirth, congenital defect, and low birth weight | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, PC/TV monitor, occupational |
Nurminen T et al. | 1988 | case-control study | women, children in utero, newborns | 1976 - 1982 | Finland | threatened abortion, length of gestation, birthweight, placental weight, and maternal blood pressure | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, PC/TV monitor, occupational |
Auger N et al. | 2011 | - | women, children in utero, newborns | 1990 - 2004 | Canada | preterm birth, low birth weight, small-for-gestational-age birth, and infant sex | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential |
Windham GC et al. | 1990 | case-control study | women, children in utero, newborns | 1986 - 1987 | USA | spontaneous abortion, low birthweight, and intrauterine growth retardation | electric field, magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, PC/TV monitor, occupational |
Nielsen CV et al. | 1992 | case-control study | women, children in utero, newborns | 1984 - 1985 | Denmark | low birthweight, preterm birth, infant mortality | electric field, magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, PC/TV monitor, occupational |
Malagoli C et al. | 2012 | case-control study | women, children in utero, newborns | 1998 - 2006 | Italy | birth defects | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential |
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