Study overviews

Epidemiological studies of low and radio frequency exposure on children's health comprise the following studies:

Epidemiological studies on the effects of low and radio frequency on children

338 studies in total
  1. Leukemia
    135 studies
  2. Other health effects
    89 studies
  3. Pregnancy outcomes
    88 studies
  4. Brain/CNS tumor
    68 studies
  5. Other types of cancer
    32 studies
  6. Lymphoma
    20 studies
  7. Cancer (unspecified)
    19 studies

Pregnancy outcomes

88 studies in total
  1. Low frequency
    68 studies
  2. Radio frequency
    33 studies
  3. DC and static fields
    one study

Low frequency 68 studies in total

List view
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Authors Year Study type Study group Observation period Study location Endpoints Parameters
Authors Year Study type Study group Observation period Study location Endpoints Parameters
Juutilainen J et al. 1993 case-control study women, children in utero 1984 - 1986 Finland early pregnancy loss magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, residential
Windham GC et al. 1990 case-control study women, children in utero, newborns 1986 - 1987 USA spontaneous abortion, low birthweight, and intrauterine growth retardation electric field, magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, PC/TV monitor, occupational
Robert E 1993 case-control study women, children in utero, newborns 1988 - 1989 France birth defects: chromosomal aberrations, central nervous system anomalies, skeletal malformations, cardiac defects, facial clefts, hypospadias, anomalies of the digestive system, and anomalies of the urinary system magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential
Dlugosz L et al. 1992 case-control study women, children in utero, newborns 1988 - 1989 USA congenital defects magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, electric blanket, other domestic appliance, personal
Robert E et al. 1996 case-control study children in utero, newborns 1988 - 1991 France congenital anomaly magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential
Shaw GM et al. 1999 case-control study women, children in utero, newborns 1989 - 1991 USA neural tube defect and orofacial cleft magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, electric blanket, other domestic appliance, personal
Auger N et al. 2019 cohort study women, children in utero, newborns 1989 - 2016 Canada birth defects: central nervous system, sense organs (eye, nose, ear), orofacial clefts, heart, respiratory, digestive, abdominal wall/diaphragm, genitourinary, and musculoskeletal systems, multiple defects magnetic field, electric field, power transmission line, 50/60 Hz, electrical substation, residential
Kanal E et al. 1993 - women, children in utero, newborns 1990 USA live birth, miscarriage, infertility, preterm delivery, gender of the offspring, and birth weight RF field, magnetic field, static magnetic field, DC, MRI, occupational
Li DK et al. 1995 case-control study children in utero, newborns 1990 - 1991 USA congenital urinary tract anomalies magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, other domestic appliance, personal
Eskelinen T et al. 2016 cohort study women, children in utero, 18–44 years 1990 - 1994 Finland time to pregnancy, birth weight and small for gestational age magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, underground cable, electrical substation, other domestic appliance, residential, personal
Auger N et al. 2011 - women, children in utero, newborns 1990 - 2004 Canada preterm birth, low birth weight, small-for-gestational-age birth, and infant sex magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential
Bracken MB et al. 1995 cohort study women, children in utero, newborns 1998 - 1991 USA birthweight and intrauterine growth retardation magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, PC/TV monitor, other domestic appliance, residential, personal
Kok RD et al. 2004 - children, children in utero, newborns, 0–9 years 1998 - 2000 The Netherlands birth weight, gestational age at birth, type of delivery, and arterial pH at birth, neurological evaluation (functioning of eyes and ears), gross and fine motor functioning, social development and communication MRI
Malagoli C et al. 2012 case-control study women, children in utero, newborns 1998 - 2006 Italy birth defects magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential
Auger N et al. 2012 cohort study, retrospective cohort study women, children in utero 1998 - 2007 Canada stillbirth magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential
Ray JG et al. 2016 cohort study women, children in utero, 16–49 years 2003 - 2015 Canada stillbirth, neonatal death within 28 days of birth, congenital anomaly, neoplasm, hearing or vision loss MRI
de Vocht F et al. 2014 cohort study women, children in utero, newborns 2004 - 2008 UK preterm birth, spontaneous preterm birth, small for gestational age, low birthweight (< 2500g), birth weight electric field, magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, underground cable, electrical substation, residential
Tokinobu A et al. 2021 - women, children in utero, newborns 2007 - 2008 Japan preterm birth, low birth weight and small‐for‐gestational‐age intermediate frequency, induction cooker, magnetic field
Strizek B et al. 2015 case-control study children in utero, newborns 2008 - 2012 Belgium birth weight MRI, also other exposures without EMF
Khan MW et al. 2018 preliminary study women, children in utero, 18–40 years 2008 - 2015 Finland miscarriage, reduced birth weight, smallness for gestational age and preterm birth EAS/RFID, magnetic field, static magnetic field, low frequency, intermediate frequency, co-exposure, occupational
Chartier AL et al. 2019 case-control study women, children in utero, newborns 2008 - 2015 USA birth weight, hearing impairment MRI
Sato Y et al. 2020 ecological study children in utero, newborns 2009, 2014 Japan spontaneous fetal death rate, fetal death rate after the 22nd week of pregnancy, perinatal mortality rate and proportion of newborns weighing less than 2500 g magnetic field, intermediate frequency, induction cooker
Mahram M et al. 2013 cohort study women, children in utero, newborns 2011 Iran preterm delivery, duration of pregnancy, caesarean section, cause for caesarean section, birth weight and length, head circumference at birth, congenital abnormalities magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential
Migault L et al. 2020 pooled analysis women, children in utero, newborns 2011 France prematurity and small for gestational age magnetic field, low frequency, 50/60 Hz, occupational, residential
Migault L et al. 2018 cohort study women, children in utero, newborns 2011, follow-up at the child's age of 2 months France premature birth between 33 and 37 weeks of gestation, small for gestational age magnetic field, low frequency, 50/60 Hz, occupational, residential