Study overviews

Epidemiological studies of low and radio frequency exposure on children's health comprise the following studies:

Epidemiological studies on the effects of low and radio frequency on children

339 studies in total
  1. Leukemia
    136 studies
  2. Other health effects
    89 studies
  3. Pregnancy outcomes
    88 studies
  4. Brain/CNS tumor
    68 studies
  5. Other types of cancer
    32 studies
  6. Lymphoma
    21 studies
  7. Cancer (unspecified)
    19 studies

Pregnancy outcomes

88 studies in total
  1. Low frequency
    68 studies
  2. Radio frequency
    33 studies
  3. DC and static fields
    one study

Low frequency 68 studies in total

List view
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Authors Year Study type Study group Observation period Study location Endpoints Parameters
Authors Year Study type Study group Observation period Study location Endpoints Parameters
Ray JG et al. 2016 cohort study women, children in utero, 16–49 years 2003 - 2015 Canada stillbirth, neonatal death within 28 days of birth, congenital anomaly, neoplasm, hearing or vision loss MRI
Li DK et al. 2017 cohort study women, children in utero, ≥ 18 years not stated USA miscarriage magnetic field, low frequency, 50/60 Hz
Migault L et al. 2018 cohort study women, children in utero, newborns 2011, follow-up at the child's age of 2 months France premature birth between 33 and 37 weeks of gestation, small for gestational age magnetic field, low frequency, 50/60 Hz, occupational, residential
Ren Y et al. 2019 cohort study women, children in utero, newborns 2012 China fetal growth: birth weight, skinfold thickness of back, triceps and abdomen, circumference of head, upper arm and abdomen magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, low frequency, personal
Auger N et al. 2019 cohort study women, children in utero, newborns 1989 - 2016 Canada birth defects: central nervous system, sense organs (eye, nose, ear), orofacial clefts, heart, respiratory, digestive, abdominal wall/diaphragm, genitourinary, and musculoskeletal systems, multiple defects magnetic field, electric field, power transmission line, 50/60 Hz, electrical substation, residential
Ingle ME et al. 2020 cohort study women, children in utero, 18–46 years 2012 - 2018 USA implantation, clinical pregnancy, live birth and pregnancy loss magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, low frequency, personal
Li DK et al. 2002 cohort study, prospective cohort study women, children in utero October 1996 - October 1998 USA miscarriage magnetic field, low frequency, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, other domestic appliance, occupational, residential, personal
Auger N et al. 2012 cohort study, retrospective cohort study women, children in utero 1998 - 2007 Canada stillbirth magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential
Grajewski B et al. 1997 cross-sectional study women, children in utero, newborns 1983 - 1986 USA reduced birthweight and preterm birth magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, PC/TV monitor, intermediate frequency, occupational
Baker PN et al. 1994 cross-sectional study children, children in utero, 0–3 years - UK reproductive effects and pregnancy outcomes, others MRI
Zhou LY et al. 2017 cross-sectional study women, children in utero January 2000 - December 2013 China spontaneous abortion mobile phone, mobile phone base station, mobile communications, microw. oven/heating device, induction cooker, electric blanket, residential, personal, also other exposures without EMF
Sato Y et al. 2020 ecological study children in utero, newborns 2009, 2014 Japan spontaneous fetal death rate, fetal death rate after the 22nd week of pregnancy, perinatal mortality rate and proportion of newborns weighing less than 2500 g magnetic field, intermediate frequency, induction cooker
de Souza S et al. 2021 ecological study women, children in utero, newborns 2012 - 2017 Brazil congenital abnormality: gastroschisis magnetic field, power transmission line, 50/60 Hz, low frequency, residential
Parazzini F et al. 1993 meta-analysis women, children in utero, newborns 1976 - 1987 USA, Canada, Sweden, Denmark, Finland miscarriage, low birth weight, and congenital malformation magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, PC/TV monitor, occupational
Zhou F et al. 2023 meta-analysis women, children in utero, newborns 1980 - 2016 France, Iran, Norway, Canada and England adverse pregnancy outcomes, birth defect, preterm birth, miscarriage and stillbirth magnetic field, low frequency, power transmission line, 50/60 Hz, residential
Irani M et al. 2023 meta-analysis women, children in utero - Iran, USA miscarriage mobile communications, mobile phone, low frequency, EMF general, also other exposures without EMF, occupational
Migault L et al. 2020 pooled analysis women, children in utero, newborns 2011 France prematurity and small for gestational age magnetic field, low frequency, 50/60 Hz, occupational, residential
Khan MW et al. 2018 preliminary study women, children in utero, 18–40 years 2008 - 2015 Finland miscarriage, reduced birth weight, smallness for gestational age and preterm birth EAS/RFID, magnetic field, static magnetic field, low frequency, intermediate frequency, co-exposure, occupational