Experimental studies on the effects of young animals include studies with young animals prenatally or postnatally (before or after hatching) exposed to electromagnetic fields.
Young animals in this spirit means animals of the whole animal kingdom (but in this context mainly mammals and birds), exposed and investigated before their adulthood.
The graphics also include some experimental studies with children.
| Authors | Year | Exposed system | Endpoints | Frequency range | SAR | Exposure duration | Parameters |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bekhite MM et al. | 2010 | intact cell/cell culture, embryonic stem cells, animal, mouse/Balb/c (embryos) | - | 0 Hz | - | - | static magnetic field, DC |
| Chew GL et al. | 1989 | animal, rainbow trout (<i>Salmo gairdneri</i>) | - | - | - | - | geomagnetic field, shielding/field deprivation |
| Cresci A et al. | 2019 | animal, atlantic haddock larvae (<I>Melanogrammus aeglefinus</i>) | - | - | - | - | geomagnetic field, static magnetic field, shielding/field deprivation |
| Cresci A et al. | 2019 | animal, European eel (<i>Anguilla anguilla</i>) | - | - | - | - | static magnetic field, shielding/field deprivation |
| Diego-Rasilla FJ et al. | 2015 | animal, Palmate newt (<i>Lissotriton helveticus</i>)/larvae | - | - | - | - | static magnetic field, DC |
| Diego-Rasilla FJ et al. | 2013 | animal, tadpoles of <i>Rana temporaria</i> L. | - | - | - | - | static magnetic field, geomagnetic field, co-exposure |
| Diego-Rasilla FJ et al. | 2010 | animal, Iberian green frog (<i>Pelophylax perezi</i>) (tadpoles) | - | - | - | - | geomagnetic field, static magnetic field |
| Dong L et al. | 2022 | animal, mouse/ICR, whole body | oxidative stress in the spleen of mice, ultrastructural changes in the spleen of mice | - | - | continuously for 21 days | static electric field, high-voltage direct current (HVDC) |
| Durif CMF et al. | 2023 | animal, lumpfish (<i>Cyclopterus lumpus</i>) | - | - | - | - | static magnetic field, DC, underground cable, high-voltage direct current (HVDC) |
| El-Bassouiny HM et al. | 2022 | invertebrate, <i>E. insulana</i> (first instar larvae), whole body | - | - | - | - | static magnetic field, co-exposure, also other exposures without EMF |
| Fam WZ | 1981 | animal, mouse/ICR-SW | - | 0 Hz | - | - | static electric field, DC |
| Fitak RR et al. | 2018 | animal, rainbow trout (<i>Oncorhynchus mykiss</i>) | - | - | - | - | static magnetic field, signals/pulses |
| Formicki K | 1992 | animal, trout (<i>Salmo trutta</i> L.) (larvae) | - | - | - | - | static magnetic field |
| Formicki K et al. | 1997 | animal, trout (<i>Salmo trutta</i> L.) and rainbow trout (<i>Oncorhynchus mykiss</i> Walb.) (embryo) | - | - | - | continuous for about 2 weeks | static magnetic field, geomagnetic field |
| Formicki K et al. | 1996 | animal, carp (<i>Cyprinus carpio</i>) embryos and larvae | - | - | - | - | static magnetic field |
| Fuxjager MJ et al. | 2011 | animal, sea turtle/loggerhead (<i>Caretta caretta</i>) | - | 0 Hz | - | continuous for 8 min | static magnetic field, geomagnetic field, DC |
| Gaffey CT et al. | 1981 | animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley and Buffalo, partial body: heart region | - | 0 Hz | - | - | static magnetic field |
| Grzesik J et al. | 1988 | animal, rat/Wistar albino | - | 0 Hz | - | - | static magnetic field, DC |
| Harsanyi P et al. | 2022 | invertebrate, European lobster (<i>Homarus gammarus</i>) and Edible crab (<i>Cancer pagurus</i>) | - | - | - | - | static magnetic field, underground cable |
| He J et al. | 2023 | invertebrate, rose aphid (<i>Macrosiphum rosae</i>) | - | - | - | - | static magnetic field |
| Heqimyan A et al. | 2012 | animal, rat/albino | - | 0 Hz | - | - | static magnetic field |
| High WB et al. | 2000 | animal, rat/Fischer 344, whole body | - | 0 Hz | - | - | static magnetic field |
| Holland RA et al. | 2013 | animal, European robins (<i>Erithacus rubecula</i>), whole body | - | 0 Hz | - | - | signals/pulses, static magnetic field |
| Karwinkel T et al. | 2022 | animal, wheatear (<i>Oenanthe oenanthe</i>) | - | - | - | - | signals/pulses, static magnetic field, geomagnetic field |
| Krylov V et al. | 2022 | animal, zebrafish embryos (<i>Danio rerio</i>) | - | - | - | - | geomagnetic field, shielding/field deprivation |
| Krylov VV et al. | 2013 | invertebrate, <i>Daphnia magna</i> Straus (great water flea) and <i>Daphnia carinata</i> King | - | 0 Hz | - | - | geomagnetic field, shielding/field deprivation |
| Kullberg C et al. | 2007 | animal, European robins (<i>Erithacus rubecula</i>) | - | - | - | - | magnetic field, geomagnetic field |
| Light P et al. | 1993 | animal, sea turtle/loggerhead (<i>Caretta caretta</i>) (hatchlings) | - | - | - | - | static magnetic field, geomagnetic field |
| Lohmann KJ | 1991 | animal, sea turtle/loggerhead (<i>Caretta caretta</i>) (hatchlings) | - | - | - | - | static magnetic field, geomagnetic field |
| Lohmann KJ et al. | 1993 | animal, leatherback sea turtle (<i>Dermochelys coriacea</i>) (hatchlings) | - | - | - | - | static magnetic field, geomagnetic field |
| McLean MJ et al. | 2008 | animal, mouse/Swiss (black) | - | 0 Hz | - | - | static magnetic field |
| Naisbett-Jones LC et al. | 2020 | animal, Chinook salmon (<i>Oncorhynchus tshawytscha</i>) | - | - | - | - | static magnetic field, signals/pulses |
| Narinyan LY et al. | 2013 | animal, rat/Wistar albino, whole body | - | 0 Hz | - | - | static magnetic field |
| Oh IT et al. | 2020 | invertebrate, <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i> | - | - | - | - | geomagnetic field |
| Osbakken M et al. | 1986 | animal, mouse/CD-1, whole body | - | 0 Hz | - | - | static magnetic field |
| Osipenko MA et al. | 2008 | intact cell/cell culture, fibroblasts (from mouse embryos), animal, mouse embryos | - | 0 Hz | - | - | geomagnetic field, shielding/field deprivation |
| Pakhomov A et al. | 2022 | animal, European robins (<i>Erithacus rubecula</i>),garden warblers (<i>Sylvia borin</i>), Pied Flycatcher (<i>Ficedula hypoleuca</i>) | - | - | - | - | magnetic field, static magnetic field, also other exposures without EMF |
| Prolic Z et al. | 2001 | invertebrate, <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i>, honeybee (<i>Apis mellifera</i> L.), mealworm beetle (<i>Tenebrio molitor</i>) | - | 0 Hz | - | - | static magnetic field |
| Putman NF et al. | 2014 | animal, rainbow trout (<i>Oncorhynchus mykiss</i>) | - | 0 Hz | - | - | geomagnetic field |
| Putman NF et al. | 2014 | animal, Chinook salmon (<i>Oncorhynchus tshawytscha</i>) | - | - | - | - | static magnetic field, geomagnetic field |
| Putman NF et al. | 2018 | animal, Chinook salmon (<i>Oncorhynchus tshawytscha</i>) | - | - | - | - | geomagnetic field, static magnetic field |
| Putman NF et al. | 2020 | animal, pink salmon (<i>Oncorhynchus gorbuscha</i>) | - | - | - | - | geomagnetic field, static magnetic field |
| Ren J et al. | 2022 | animal, tadpoles of <i>Xenopus laevis</i> | - | - | - | - | static magnetic field, geomagnetic field, co-exposure |
| Savic T et al. | 2011 | invertebrate, <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i> and <i>Drosophila hydei</i> | - | 0 Hz | - | - | static magnetic field |
| Scanlan MM et al. | 2018 | animal, Atlantic salmon (<i>Salmo salar</i>) (juveniles) | - | - | - | - | geomagnetic field, static magnetic field |
| Sjoberg S et al. | 2016 | animal, garden warblers (<i>Sylvia borin</i>) | - | 0 Hz | - | - | geomagnetic field |
| Takashima Y et al. | 2004 | invertebrate, <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i> | - | 0 Hz | - | - | static magnetic field, DC, co-exposure |
| Tanski A et al. | 2005 | animal, salmon (<i>Salmo salar</i> L.), trout (<i>Salmo trutta</i> L.), rainbow trout (<i>Oncorhynchus mykiss</i>), vendace (<i>Coregonus albula</i> (L.), pike (<i>Esox lucius</i> L.) and rudd (<i>Scardinius erythrophthalmus</i> L.) (eggs) | - | - | - | - | static magnetic field, geomagnetic field |
| Todorovic D et al. | 2013 | animal, mealworm beetle (<i>Tenebrio obscursus</i> and <i> Tenebrio molitor</i>), whole body | pupae-adult development, motor activity | 0 Hz | - | during development from pupa to eclosion and 24 h after eclosion | static magnetic field, DC |
| Wan GJ et al. | 2021 | invertebrate, brown planthopper (<i>Nilaparvata lugens</i>) | - | - | - | - | geomagnetic field, static magnetic field, shielding/field deprivation |
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