Study overviews

Experimental studies on the effects of young animals include studies with young animals prenatally or postnatally (before or after hatching) exposed to electromagnetic fields.

Young animals in this spirit means animals of the whole animal kingdom (but in this context mainly mammals and birds), exposed and investigated before their adulthood.

The graphics also include some experimental studies with children.

Experimental studies on the effects of low and radio frequency on young animals

884 studies in total
  1. Teratogenicity, embryogenesis
    319 studies
  2. Other
    313 studies
  3. Central nervous system
    122 studies
  4. Behavior and cognitive processes
    54 studies
  5. Fertility
    49 studies
  6. Growth
    16 studies
  7. Endocrinologic processes
    11 studies

Other

313 studies in total
  1. Radio frequency
    151 studies
  2. Low frequency
    117 studies
  3. DC and static fields
    59 studies

Low frequency 117 studies in total

List view
10 25 50
Authors Year Exposed system Endpoints Frequency range SAR Exposure duration Parameters
Authors Year Exposed system Endpoints Frequency range SAR Exposure duration Parameters
Krzystolik J et al. 2024 animal, pike (<i>Esox lucius</i> L.) (embryos) - - - - magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line
Yang H et al. 2024 - - 4 Hz - - magnetic field
Alam MJ et al. 2024 - - 25–100 Hz - - electric current application, signals/pulses, electrotherapy, therapeutic/medical device
Graves HB 1977 animal, domestic fowls, domestic pigeons, mice - - - - electric field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line
d'Ambrosio G et al. 1977 invertebrate, mealworm beetle larva and pupa (<i>Tenebrio molitor</i>) - 0 Hz–9.55 GHz - - microwaves, static magnetic field, static electric field
Burkhardt DS et al. 2025 - - - - - electric current application, touch current, 50/60 Hz, DC
Abdel Rahman GAN et al. 2025 animal, rat/Sprague Dawley albino - - - - mobile communications, mobile phone, magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, also other exposures without EMF, co-exposure
Luo Q et al. 2006 ICR mouse embryo cultures DNA damage (double-strand breaks) 50 Hz - 24 h 50/60 Hz, magnetic field, low frequency, co-exposure
Udroiu I et al. 2015 animal, mouse/CD-1 Swiss (adults, fetuses and young animals), whole body DNA damage, teratogenicity 50 Hz - continuous form day 11.5 post conception to day 21 after birth (weaning) (30 days in total) magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, co-exposure
Rageh MM et al. 2012 animal, rat/Wistar, whole body DNA strand breaks in brain cells; chromosome damage in bone marrow cells, cytotoxicity in brain and bone marrow cells; oxidative stress 50 Hz - continuous for 24 h/day on 30 days magnetic field, low frequency, 50/60 Hz