Study overviews

Experimental studies on the effects of young animals include studies with young animals prenatally or postnatally (before or after hatching) exposed to electromagnetic fields.

Young animals in this spirit means animals of the whole animal kingdom (but in this context mainly mammals and birds), exposed and investigated before their adulthood.

The graphics also include some experimental studies with children.

Experimental studies on the effects of low and radio frequency on young animals

840 studies in total
  1. Teratogenicity, embryogenesis
    308 studies
  2. Other
    295 studies
  3. Central nervous system
    115 studies
  4. Behavior and cognitive processes
    52 studies
  5. Fertility
    45 studies
  6. Growth
    15 studies
  7. Endocrinologic processes
    10 studies

Other

295 studies in total
  1. Radio frequency
    143 studies
  2. Low frequency
    109 studies
  3. DC and static fields
    55 studies

Radio frequency 143 studies in total

List view
10 25 50
Authors Year Exposed system Endpoints Frequency range SAR Exposure duration Parameters
Authors Year Exposed system Endpoints Frequency range SAR Exposure duration Parameters
Lary JM et al. 1986 - - 27.12 MHz 10.8 W/kg 10 to 40 min. on gestation day 9 RF field
Galvin MJ et al. 1981 - - 2.45 Hz 4.03 nW/g first 12 days of embryogeny microwaves, CW continuous wave, 2.45 GHz
Galvin MJ et al. 1982 - - 2.45 Hz 4.03 nW/g 12 days microwaves, CW continuous wave
Bianco B et al. 1979 - - 100–2,000 MHz - - RF field, microwaves
Smialowicz RJ et al. 1979 - - 2.45 GHz - continuous microwaves, CW continuous wave, 2.45 GHz
Smialowicz RJ et al. 1982 - - 425 MHz 6.7 mW/g repeated daily exposure for 4 hours a day from day 12 of pregnancy to parturition (dams) and for 20 or 40 days (pups) RF field
Jamakosmanovic A et al. 1981 - - 2,450 MHz - not specified microwaves, 2.45 GHz
Vadeyar SH et al. 2000 human, whole body: embryo <i>in utero</i> - - - - MRI
Peyman A et al. 2009 - - - - - microwaves, wireless transmitter
Machata AM et al. 2009 human - - 0.3–3.9 W/kg - MRI
Magin RL et al. 2000 animal, mouse/ICR:HD, whole body - 170 MHz 0.2 W/kg - MRI, co-exposure, also other exposures without EMF
Poutamo J et al. 1998 human, whole body: embryo <i>in utero</i> - - 1.2–3.8 W/kg - MRI
Zhang Y et al. 2013 intact cell/cell culture, primary cortical neurons (of rat) - 2.45 GHz 6 W/kg - RF field, 2.45 GHz
Seckin E et al. 2014 animal, rat/Wistar albino (<i>in utero</i> and young animals), whole body - 900 MHz - 1 h/day starting on the 12th day of pregnancy until 21 days after delivery mobile phone, GSM, mobile communications
Lo C et al. 2014 - - - - - MRI
Choi SB et al. 2014 human - 1,950 MHz 1.57 W/kg - mobile phone, W-CDMA, mobile communications, personal
Ulubay M et al. 2015 animal, rat/Wistar albino (embryo), whole body: <i>in utero</i> - 900 MHz 2 W/kg - mobile phone, mobile communications, co-exposure
Odaci E et al. 2015 animal, rat/Sprague Dawley, whole body - 900 MHz - - RF field
Ohtani S et al. 2015 - - 2.14 GHz - - mobile communications, W-CDMA
Shivashankara AR et al. 2015 human - - - - mobile phone, mobile communications
Masuda H et al. 2015 animal, rat/Sprague Dawley - 1,457 MHz - - mobile communications, PDC, microwaves
Ait-Aissa S et al. 2013 - - 2.45 GHz - - RF field, W-LAN/WiFi, 2.45 GHz
Yuksel M et al. 2016 - - 900–2,450 MHz - - mobile phone, GSM, mobile communications, W-LAN/WiFi, 2.45 GHz
Fedorov VI et al. 2015 - - 0.1–2.2 THz - - TeraHz
Nisbet HO et al. 2016 - - 900–1,800 MHz - - mobile phone, GSM, mobile communications
Kuybulu AE et al. 2016 - - 2.45 GHz - - mobile communications, RF field, W-LAN/WiFi, 2.45 GHz
Erkut A et al. 2016 - - 1,800 MHz - - RF field
Cawley P et al. 2016 - - - - - RF field, MRI
Yilmaz A et al. 2017 animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley - 900 MHz - - mobile phone, mobile communications
Meral O et al. 2016 animal, rabbit/New Zealand White - 1,800 MHz - - GSM, mobile communications, RF field
Bhargav H et al. 2017 human - 2,100 MHz - - mobile phone, UMTS, mobile communications
Budak GG et al. 2009 animal, rabbit/New Zealand White - 1,800 MHz - - mobile communications, GSM, PW pulsed wave
Othman H et al. 2017 - - 2.45 GHz - - 2.45 GHz, W-LAN/WiFi
Kulaber A et al. 2017 animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley - 900 MHz - - mobile communications, RF field
Misek J et al. 2018 human, partial body - 1,788 MHz - - mobile communications, PW pulsed wave
Okatan DÖ et al. 2018 animal, rat/Sprague Dawley - 900 MHz - - mobile communications
Topsakal S et al. 2017 animal, rat/Sprague Dawley - - - - 2.45 GHz, W-LAN/WiFi
Bektas H et al. 2018 human - - - - mobile communications, mobile phone
Çiftçi ZZ et al. 2018 - - - - - 2.45 GHz, W-LAN/WiFi, co-exposure, also other exposures without EMF
Shojaeifard MB et al. 2018 animal, rat/Wistar - - - - mobile communications, RF field
Yakymenko I et al. 2018 animal, Japanese quail eggs - 1,800 MHz - - mobile phone, mobile communications
Kim JH et al. 2019 animal, mouse/ICR - 1,850 MHz - - mobile communications
Okatan DÖ et al. 2019 animal, rat/Sprague Dawley, whole body - 900 MHz - - mobile communications, mobile phone
Smith-Roe SL et al. 2020 animal, mouse/B6C3F1/N, rat/Sprague-Dawley - 900–1,900 MHz - - mobile communications, GSM, CDMA, mobile phone
Bosquillon de Jenlis A et al. 2020 - - 900 MHz - - RF field, CW continuous wave, co-exposure, also other exposures without EMF
Tumkaya L et al. 2019 animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley - 1,800 MHz - - mobile communications, mobile phone, RF field, W-LAN/WiFi
Habauzit D et al. 2020 - - 94 GHz - - millimeter waves
Nasiar N et al. 2018 human - - - - mobile communications, mobile phone, mobile phone base station, residential
Üstündağ ÜV et al. 2020 - - 15–3,000 MHz - - RF field
Lerchl A et al. 2020 animal, mouse/C3H/HeNCrl x C57Bl/6N - 1,960 MHz - - mobile communications, mobile phone, UMTS, also other exposures without EMF, co-exposure