Experimental studies on the effects of young animals include studies with young animals prenatally or postnatally (before or after hatching) exposed to electromagnetic fields.
Young animals in this spirit means animals of the whole animal kingdom (but in this context mainly mammals and birds), exposed and investigated before their adulthood.
The graphics also include some experimental studies with children.
Authors | Year | Exposed system | Endpoints | Frequency range | SAR | Exposure duration | Parameters |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sakamoto S et al. | 1993 | animal, rat/Sprague Dawley albino (adults, fetuses and neonatals), whole body | - | 60 Hz | - | 1.3 months (1 month prior to mating through lactation period), 3,3 months (3 mo prior to mating through lactation period) | 50/60 Hz |
Bellossi A | 1992 | - | - | - | - | repeated exposure, 30 min/day, on 2 non-consecutive days/week, lifelong | magnetic field, signals/pulses, therapeutic/medical device |
Bardasano JL et al. | 1986 | animal, chicken embryos (eggs) | - | 60 Hz | - | 4 to 5d | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Pafkova H et al. | 1996 | animal, chicken embryos (eggs), whole body | - | 50 Hz | - | - | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, co-exposure |
Zervins A | 1973 | animal, chicken embryos/White Leghorn (eggs), whole body | - | 26 kHz | - | repeated daily exposure, 23h/day for 19 d | 50/60 Hz, intermediate frequency |
Bessho K et al. | 1995 | invertebrate, <i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i> (nematode; different (transgenic) strains), whole body | - | 60 Hz | - | 3 min every 6h or 9h, to a total of 9 to 27 min | 50/60 Hz, magnetic field |
Burack G et al. | 1984 | animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley, whole body | - | 60 Hz | - | continuous for 8 days | electric field, 50/60 Hz |
Pagnac C et al. | 1998 | invertebrate, sea urchin (<i>Sphaerechinus granularis</i> and <i>Paracentrotus lividus</i>) (embryo), whole body | - | 0 Hz | - | up to 150 min | 50/60 Hz, magnetic field, static magnetic field |
Rommereim DN et al. | 1996 | animal, rat/Sprague Dawley (embryo), whole body | - | 60 Hz | - | continuous 20h/day, for 20 d | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
DiCarlo AL et al. | 1998 | animal, chicken embryos (eggs), whole body | - | 60 Hz | - | continuous for 20 min | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Ubeda A et al. | 1983 | - | - | 100 Hz | - | continuous for 48 hrs | magnetic field, signals/pulses |
Maffeo S et al. | 1984 | - | - | 100 Hz–1 kHz | - | continuous for 48 hrs | magnetic field, signals/pulses, intermediate frequency |
Seto YJ et al. | 1984 | animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley, whole body | - | 60 Hz | - | repeated daily exposure, 21 hrs/d, pls see remark | electric field, 50/60 Hz |
Yip YP et al. | 1994 | animal, chicken/White Leghorn, whole body: <i>in ovo</i> | - | 15–200 Hz | - | continuous for 6 h | MRI |
Huuskonen H et al. | 1998 | - | - | 20 kHz | - | continuous from gestation day 0 to 18. | magnetic field, PC/TV monitor, intermediate frequency |
Zimmermann B et al. | 1987 | animal, mouse/NMRI, whole body | - | - | - | continuous for 18 days | static magnetic field, DC, MRI |
Konermann G et al. | 1986 | animal, mouse/albino | - | - | - | - | static magnetic field, DC, MRI |
Sienkiewicz ZJ et al. | 1994 | animal, mouse/CD-1 (embryo), whole body | - | 50 Hz | - | - | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Sikov MR et al. | 1984 | animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley, whole body | - | 60 Hz | - | continuous | electric field, 50/60 Hz |
McGivern RF et al. | 1990 | - | - | 15 Hz | - | 15 min twice a days from day 15 till day 20 of gestation | signals/pulses |
Tyndall DA et al. | 1991 | animal, mouse/C57BL/6J (embryo), whole body: <i>in utero</i> | - | 64 MHz | - | continuous for 36 min. on gestational day 7 | MRI |
Yu MC et al. | 1993 | animal, rat/Sprague Dawley (embryo and adult) | - | 60 Hz | - | continuous, 23h/d for 18d to 40d | 50/60 Hz |
Portet R et al. | 1988 | animal, rat/Long-Evans and rabbit, whole body | - | 50 Hz | - | continuous for 8 h/day for 4 weeks | electric field, low frequency, 50/60 Hz |
Terol FF et al. | 1994 | - | - | 0 Hz–1 kHz | - | - | - |
Falugi C et al. | 1987 | - | - | 5 kHz | - | 2 to 4 hrs | signals/pulses |
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