Experimental studies on the effects of young animals include studies with young animals prenatally or postnatally (before or after hatching) exposed to electromagnetic fields.
Young animals in this spirit means animals of the whole animal kingdom (but in this context mainly mammals and birds), exposed and investigated before their adulthood.
The graphics also include some experimental studies with children.
Authors | Year | Exposed system | Endpoints | Frequency range | SAR | Exposure duration | Parameters |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ryan BM et al. | 2000 | animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley, whole body | - | 60 Hz | - | 18.5 h/day, 7 days/week, from gestation day 6 - 19 | magnetic field, low frequency, 50/60 Hz |
Levin M et al. | 1995 | invertebrate, sea urchin (<i>Strongylocentrotus purpuratus</i>) (embryo) | - | 0–60 Hz | - | continuous | magnetic field, static magnetic field, low frequency, 50/60 Hz, DC |
Di Carlo AL et al. | 2001 | animal, chicken embryos (eggs), whole body | - | 60 Hz | - | continuous for 20 min | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, co-exposure |
Shams Lahijani M et al. | 2000 | animal, chicken embryos (eggs), whole body | - | 50 Hz | - | continuous for 24 h | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Ossenkopp KP et al. | 1972 | - | - | 500 mHz | - | continuous for about 22 or 3 days | magnetic field, low frequency |
Negishi T et al. | 2002 | animal, rat/Sprague Dawley (embryo and adult) | - | 50 Hz | - | intermittent; 22h/day | 50/60 Hz, magnetic field |
Roda-Moreno JA et al. | 2003 | animal, chicken embryos, whole body | - | 50 Hz | - | continuous for 15 days | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Severini M et al. | 2003 | animal, tadpoles of <i>Xenopus laevis</i>, whole body | - | 50 Hz–15.797 kHz | - | 12 h/day from day 3 untill metamorphosis | magnetic field, intermediate frequency, 50/60 Hz |
Toman R et al. | 2002 | - | - | - | - | 20 min | magnetic field |
Kim SH et al. | 2004 | - | - | 20 kHz | - | repeated daily exposure, 8 h/d, from Day 2.5 to 15.5 of gestation. | magnetic field, intermediate frequency |
Chung MK et al. | 2004 | animal, rat/Sprague Dawley (embryo and adult), whole body | - | 60 Hz | - | repeated daily exposure, 21 h/day from day 6 of gestation to day 21 of lactation. | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Saito K et al. | 2006 | animal, mouse/SS | - | - | - | continuous for 60 min on day 7.5, 9.5, 10.5, 11.5, 12.5, 13.5, or 14.5 of pregnancy | static magnetic field |
Formicki K et al. | 1998 | - | - | - | - | continuous for 90 min | magnetic field |
Karja NW et al. | 2006 | - | - | - | - | - | electric field, signals/pulses |
Ravera S et al. | 2006 | - | - | 75 Hz | - | 150 min | low frequency, magnetic field |
Nishikawa U et al. | 1986 | - | - | - | - | - | signals/pulses |
Nishimura I et al. | 2009 | - | - | - | - | - | magnetic field, PC/TV monitor, induction cooker, intermediate frequency |
Grefner NM et al. | 1998 | animal, tadpoles of <i>Rana temporaria</i> L., whole body | - | 50 Hz | - | - | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Gu Y et al. | 2001 | animal, mouse/ICR (embryo), whole body: <i>in utero</i> | - | - | - | - | MRI, also other exposures without EMF, co-exposure |
Shams Lahijani M et al. | 1999 | animal, chicken embryos (eggs), whole body | - | 50 Hz | - | continuous for 24 h | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Kay HH et al. | 1988 | animal, embryos of <i>Xenopus laevis</i> (African clawed frog), whole body: <i>in ovo</i> | - | 64 MHz | - | - | MRI |
Okazaki R et al. | 2001 | animal, mouse/ICR, whole body: <i>in utero</i> | - | - | - | continuously for 2 days | static magnetic field, MRI, co-exposure |
Prasad N et al. | 1982 | animal, embryos of <i>Rana pipiens</i> (Northern leopard frog), whole body: <i>in ovo</i> | - | 30 MHz | - | - | MRI |
Rofsky NM et al. | 1994 | animal, mouse/CD-1, whole body | - | - | - | - | MRI, co-exposure, also other exposures without EMF |
Jiang ML et al. | 2003 | animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley (embryo), whole body: <i>in utero</i> | - | - | - | - | MRI |
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