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GSM-1800 base station

Belongs to:
GSM base station
Synonyms:
DCS-1800 base station
Description:

In 1991, extension of the GSM standard of the second generation of mobile communication systems into the 1800 MHz frequency range took place. Since 1995, short message service (SMS) and further data transmission services are open to customers in the GSM standards. Frequencies from 1710 MHz - 1785 MHz are used for the uplink and frequencies from 1805 MHz - 1880 MHz for the downlink.
GSM 1800 was formerly called DCS 1800 and is mainly used in Europe.

Frequency ranges:
  • 1,710–1,785 MHz (uplink in the DCS 1800 frequency band)
  • 1,805–1,880 MHz (downlink in the DCS 1800 frequency band)
Type of field:
electromagnetic

Measurements (acc. to literature)

computer model
Measurand Value Feature Remarks
magnetic field strength 0.07 A/m (maximum, calculated) - 10 carriers with a power of each 20 W [1]
electric field strength 0.19 V/m (measured) - at night while riding a train [5]
electric field strength 4.1–12.6 V/m (calculated) - out of 6 measuring sights 1 m above the flat roof-top of a seven-story building [10]
electric field strength 23.5 V/m (simulated) - at a distance of 600 mm [11]
electric field strength 27 V/m (maximum, calculated) - 10 carrier with a power of each 20 W [1]
electric field strength 32 V/m (simulated) - at a distance of 300 mm [11]
electric field strength 40.4 V/m (simulated) - at a distance of 100 mm [11]
electric field strength 62.7 V/m (simulated) - at a distance of 10 mm [11]
SAR 1.74 µW/kg (maximum, calculated) - averaged over the whole body of a 1-year-old child [5]
SAR 0.025 W/kg (simulated) - averaged over the whole body at a distance of 5 m; transmission power of the antenna: 70 W [12]
SAR 0.027 W/kg (simulated) - at a distance 600 mm, averaging mass 10 g [11]
SAR 0.06 W/kg (simulated) - at a distance of 300 mm, averaged over 10 g [11]
SAR 0.04 W/kg (measured) - averaged over the whole body at a distance of 2 m; transmission power of the antenna: 70 W [12]
SAR 0.098 W/kg (simulated) - at a distance of 100 mm, averaged over 10 g [11]
SAR 0.12 W/kg (measured) - averaged over the whole body at a distance of 1m; transmission power of the antenna: 70 W [12]
SAR 0.26 W/kg (simulated) - at a distance of 10 mm, averaged over 10 g [11]
suburban area
Measurand Value Feature Remarks
electric field strength 0.05 V/m (maximum, measured) - averaged maximum value measured at 13 different locations within a building in a suburban area in Greece [2]
electric field strength 0.131 V/m (mean, measured) - mean exposure of 40 different loactions within various buildings in Greece; per location 11 measurements were performed: three in the center of the room at different heights (1.1 m, 1.5 m, 1.7 m), four in the corners of the room at a distance of 1 m from the center and a height of 1 m, three next to the window and one at the position of the maximum electric field. [2]
electric field strength 0.17 V/m (maximum, measured) - averaged maximum value measured at 27 different locations within a building in an urban area in Greece [2]
electric field strength 0.3 V/m (maximum, measured) - averaged maximum exposure of 40 different loactions within various buildings in Greece; per location 11 measurements were performed: three in the center of the room at different heights (1.1 m, 1.5 m, 1.7 m), four in the corners of the room at a distance of 1 m from the center and a height of 1 m, three next to the window and one at the position of the maximum electric field. [2]
electric field strength 1.01 V/m (maximum, measured) - out of 50 measuring sights in suburban areas [6]
different areas
Measurand Value Feature Remarks
electric field strength 0.05 V/m (mean, measured) - at homes in Belgium [3]
electric field strength 0.07 V/m (mean, measured) - at homes in Greece [3]
electric field strength 0.1 V/m (mean, measured) - at offices in Beligum [3]
electric field strength 2.15 V/m (maximum, measured) - out of 311 measuring sights [6]
power density 0.000001–0.01 µW/cm² (measured) - range of 50 measurements in Ghana in 2010/2011 [15]
power density 0.0000184–63.3 µW/cm² (measured) - range of 15,771 measurements in South Africa in 2007 [15]
power density 0.0000235–54.1 µW/cm² (measured) - range of 7,119 measurements in South Africa in 2008 [15]
power density 0.0000408–9.94 µW/cm² (measured) - range of 16,758 measurements in South Africa in 2006 [15]
power density 0.000121 µW/cm² (mean, measured) - average of 2,340 measurement sites in Great Britain in 2007 [16]
power density 0.000145 µW/cm² (mean, measured) - average of 3,200 measurement sites in Great Britain in 2008 [16]
power density 0.00019 µW/cm² (mean, measured) - average of 4,150 measurement sites in Great Britain in 2009 [16]
power density 0.000399 µW/cm² (mean, measured) - average of 1,657 measurement sites in Great Britain in 2006 [16]
power density 0.000944 µW/cm² (mean, measured) - average of 7,910 measurement sites in Great Britain in 2005 [16]
power density 0.00108 µW/cm² (mean, measured) - average of 14,638 measurement sites in Great Britain in 2002 [16]
power density 0.0013 µW/cm² (mean, measured) - average of 7,900 measurement sites in Great Britain in 2004 [16]
power density 0.00249 µW/cm² (mean, measured) - average of 556 measurement points in Germany in 2003 [16]
power density 0.00464 µW/cm² (mean, measured) - average of 226 measurement points in Austria in 2006 [16]
power density 0.00511 µW/cm² (mean, measured) - average of 146 measurement points in Ireland in 2007 [16]
power density 0.00574 µW/cm² (mean, measured) - average of 6,370 measurement sites in Great Britain in 2001 [16]
power density 0.00963 µW/cm² (mean, measured) - average of 36 measurement points in Austria in 2000 [16]
power density 0.00963 µW/cm² (mean, measured) - average of 12,800 measurement sites in Great Britain in 2003 [16]
power density 0.0131–9.36 µW/cm² (measured) - range of 43 measurements in the Ivory Coast in 2010 [15]
power density 0.0179 µW/cm² (mean, measured) - average of 51 measurement sites in Australia in 2003 [16]
power density 0.021 µW/cm² (mean, measured) - average of 97 measurement sites in the Netherlands in 2009 - 2010 [16]
power density 0.0235 µW/cm² (mean, measured) - average of 6,139 measurement sites in Ireland in 2003 - 2004 [16]
power density 0.0242 µW/cm² (mean, measured) - average of 61 measurement sites in Sweden in 2001 - 2004 [16]
power density 0.0332–21 µW/cm² (measured) - range of 43 measurements in the Ivory Coast in 2009 [15]
power density 0.0366 µW/cm² (mean, measured) - average of 160 measurement sites in Belgium in 2009 - 2010 [16]
power density 0.0419 µW/cm² (mean, measured) - average of 9 measurement points in Hungary in 2000 [16]
power density 0.078–0.119 µW/cm² (measured) - range of 42 measurements in Ghana in 2010/2011 [15]
power density 0.0814 µW/cm² (mean, measured) - average of 173 measurement sites in Ireland in 2009 [16]
power density 0.0923 µW/cm² (mean, measured) - average in France in 2001 - 2004 [16]
power density 0.126 µW/cm² (mean, measured) - average of 30 measurement sites in Sweden in 2009 - 2010 [16]
power density 0.154 µW/cm² (mean, measured) - average of 139 measurement sites in Ireland in 2008 [16]
power density 0.191 µW/cm² (mean, measured) - average of 79 measurement sites in Ireland in 2005 - 2006 [16]
power density 0.202 µW/cm² (mean, measured) - average of 87 measurement sites in Sweden in 2005 - 2007 [16]
power density 0.5 µW/cm² (maximum, calculated) - - [17]
power density 0.39 µW/cm² (mean, measured) - average of 969 measurement sites in South Korea in 2007 [16]
power density 37.35 µW/m² (measured) - averaged over 213 measurement points in 2009 [18]
power density 41 µW/m² (mean, measured) - out of 12 base stations each at a distance of 200 m [19]
power density 46.96 µW/m² (mean, calculated) - arithmetic mean value out of 130 measuring sites in 2009 [18]
power density 68.46 µW/m² (mean, calculated) - arithmetic mean value of 130 measuring sites in 2006 [18]
power density 310 µW/m² (mean, measured) - out of 12 base stations at a distance of each 50 m [19]
power density 430 µW/m² (maximum, measured) - out of 12 base stations [19]
urban area
Measurand Value Feature Remarks
electric field strength 0.18 V/m (measured) - in the business area of Basel (>10 base stations within 500 m of a 2.2 km long measurement path) [4]
electric field strength 0.37 V/m (measured) - in the business area of Amsterdam (>10 base stations within 500 m of the 2 km long measurement path) [4]
electric field strength 0.24 V/m (measured) - at four- to five-storied buildings near the city center of Amsterstam (>10 base stations within 500 m of the 1.7 km long measurement path) [4]
electric field strength 0.24 V/m (measured) - in downtwon Basel (>10 base stations within 500 m of the 2.1 km long measurement path) [4]
electric field strength 0.38 V/m (measured) - in downtown Amsterdam (>10 base stations within 500 m of a 2 km long measurement path) [4]
electric field strength 0.05–0.26 V/m (measured) - at two- to three-storied buildings in the non-central residential area of Basel (>10 base stations within 500 m of a 2 - 2.3 km long measurement path) [4]
electric field strength 0.1–0.3 V/m - in a two- to three-storied building in the non-central residential area of Amsterdam (5-10 base stations within 500 m of a 1.9 - 2.2 km long measurement path) [4]
electric field strength 0.12 V/m (measured) - at four- to five storied buildings in the central residential area of Basel (>10 base stations within 500 m of the 2.3 km long measurement path) [4]
electric field strength 0.52 V/m (mean, measured) - averaged over 30 measurement points [7]
electric field strength 3.12 V/m (maximum, measured) - out of 40 measurement locations [9]
power density 1,200 µW/m² (measured) - in urban areas of Sweden; measurements comprise both GSM (900 and 1800) and UMTS [14]
power density 5,400 µW/m² (measured) - in the capital of Sweden (Stockholm); measurements comprise both GSM (900 and 1800) and UMTS [14]
within a building
Measurand Value Feature Remarks
electric field strength 0.25 V/m (mean, measured) - at offices in Greece [3]
rural area
Measurand Value Feature Remarks
electric field strength 0.38 V/m (maximum, measured) - out of 41 measuring sights in rural areas [6]
power density 200 µW/m² (measured) - in rural areas of Sweden; measurements comprise both GSM (900 and 1800) and UMTS [13]
independent from surrounding
Measurand Value Feature Remarks
electric field strength 0.6 V/m–15 mV/cm (maximum, measured) - public exposure at 50 m from a mast operating at a maximum of 50 W per channel [8]
magnetic field strength 1.6 mA/m (measured) - public exposure at 50 m from a mast operating at a maximum of 50 W per channel [8]
power density 1 mW/m² (calculated) - public exposure at 50 m from a mast operating at a maximum of 50 W per channel [8]
antenna mast
Measurand Value Feature Remarks
power density 0.2 W/m² (maximum, calculated) - for a mast height of 70 m [20]
power density 0.9 W/m² (maximum, calculated) - at a mast height of 28 m and 30 m [20]

References

  1. Directorate-General for Employment, Industrial Relations and Social Affairs (1996): Non-ionizing radiation - Sources, exposure and health effects
  2. Markakis I et al. (2013): Radiofrequency exposure in Greek indoor environments
  3. Vermeeren G et al. (2013): Spatial And Temporal RF Electromagnetic Field Exposure Of Children And Adults In Indoor Micro Environments In Belgium And Greece
  4. Urbinello D et al. (2014): Use of portable exposure meters for comparing mobile phone base station radiation in different types of areas in the cities of Basel and Amsterdam
  5. Joseph W et al. (2010): Estimation of whole-body SAR from electromagnetic fields using personal exposure meters
  6. Joseph W et al. (2012): Assessment of RF exposures from emerging wireless communication technologies in different environments
  7. Joseph W et al. (2010): Assessment of general public exposure to LTE and RF sources present in an urban environment
  8. Swerdlow AJ et al. (2012): Health Effects from Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields - RCE 20
  9. Joseph W et al. (2012): In situ LTE exposure of the general public: Characterization and extrapolation
  10. Cheng HY et al. (2009): Currents Induced in Human Bodies During Radiofrequency Exposure Near a Cellular Phone Base Station
  11. Kos B et al. (2011): Exposure assessment in front of a multi-band base station antenna
  12. Thielens A et al. (2013): Compliance boundaries for multiple-frequency base station antennas in three directions
  13. Fish RM et al. (2009): Conduction of electrical current to and through the human body: a review
  14. Estenberg J et al. (2014): Extensive frequency selective measurements of radiofrequency fields in outdoor environments performed with a novel mobile monitoring system
  15. Joyner KH et al. (2014): National surveys of radiofrequency field strengths from radio base stations in Africa
  16. Rowley JT et al. (2012): Comparative international analysis of radiofrequency exposure surveys of mobile communication radio base stations
  17. Alhekail ZO et al. (2012): Public safety assessment of electromagnetic radiation exposure from mobile base stations
  18. Tomitsch J et al. (2012): Trends in residential exposure to electromagnetic fields from 2006 to 2009
  19. Henderson SI et al. (2006): Survey of RF exposure levels from mobile telephone base stations in Australia
  20. Alanko T et al. (2007): Occupational exposure to radiofrequency fields in antenna towers