To study the potential of athermal microwaves as skin penetration enhancer (one problem in development of transdermal drug delivery systems is the high barrier properties of the intact skin).
Nitrofurazone was chosen as the model penetrant and its permeation through rat skin was studied in vitro at 45 and 90 min exposures using different microwave intensities.
To study the effect of temperature, experiments were performed at different temperatures of 25, 30, 37 and 42°C.
Experiments were performed at constant temperatures of 25 °C, 30°C, 37°C and 42°C
| Frequency | 2,450 MHz |
|---|---|
| Type | |
| Waveform | |
| Exposure duration | 45 min or 90 min |
| Exposure source |
|
|---|---|
| Sham exposure | A sham exposure was conducted. |
The data revealed that 45 min microwave exposure at 30°C and 3 W did not affect permeation of nitrofurazone, while higher intensities increased its flux significantly in an intensity-dependent manner up to 2.7 times. When the duration of exposure increased to 90 min, the enhancement ratio also increased to reach a maximum of 3.3.
Applying 60 W microwaves at 25, 30, 37 and 42°C resulted in a parabolic relationship between temperature and enhancement ratio.
The findings indicate that microwave exposure can act as a skin penetration enhancement method and that the effect depends on applied intensities, exposure duration and temperature.
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