Effects of electromagnetic fields on osteoporosis: a systematic literature review review

Endpoint

• cell viability/cell division/proliferation: proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis of bone cells and bone marrow cells
• cell function: possible molecular mechanisms in cells leading to beneficial effects on bone healing and osteoporosis
• treatment/therapy: EMF treatment of chronic pain caused by osteoporosis, EMF effects on bone mineral density
• epidemiology: clinical development and prevalence of osteoporosis, effects of EMF treatment
• effects on musculoskeletal systems: effects on bones in animal models

Exposure

• • 7.5–75 Hz
  • 50/60 Hz
  • magnetic field
  • low frequency
• • signals/pulses
  • therapeutic/medical device