Epidemiological studies of low and radio frequency exposure on children's health comprise the following studies:
Authors | Year | Study type | Study group | Observation period | Study location | Endpoints | Parameters |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Meinert R et al. | 1996 | meta-analysis | children, 0–19 years | - | USA, UK, Sweden, Finland, Denmark, Greece, Mexico | childhood leukemia, childhood lymphoma, childhood brain/CNS tumor, other childhood cancer, all childhood cancer | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential |
UK Childhood Cancer Study Investigators | 1999 | case-control study | children, 0–14 years | 01/1991 - 12/1994 in Scotland, 4/1992 - 12/1994 in Wales and England, 1995 for leukemia and Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, 1996 for leukemia | UK | acute lymphoblastic leukemia, total leukemia, cancer of central nervous system, other malignant diseases | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, inhouse wiring, residential |
UK Childhood Cancer Study Investigators | 2000 | case-control study | children, 0–14 years | 01/1991 - 12/1994 in Scotland, 4/1992 - 12/1994 in Wales and England, 1995 for leukemia and Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, 1996 for leukemia | UK | acute lymphoblastic leukemia, total leukemia, cancer of central nervous system, other malignant disease | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential |
Su L et al. | 2018 | meta-analysis | children, children in utero, 0–20 years | 1942 - 2006 | - | childhood nervous system tumors including CNS tumor and neuroblastoma | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, occupational |
Wertheimer N et al. | 1979 | case-control study | children, 0–18 years | 1950 - 1973 | USA | childhood leukemia, childhood lymphoma, childhood brain/CNS tumor, other childhood cancer, all childhood cancer | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential |
Mezei G et al. | 2008 | meta-analysis | children, 0–20 years | 1950 - 2002 | USA, Sweden, Norway, Finland, Denmark, UK, Germany, Taiwan, Japan | childhood brain/CNS tumor | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential |
Sorahan T et al. | 1999 | case-control study | children, children in utero, 0–15 years | 1953 - 1981 | UK | childhood leukemia, childhood brain/CNS tumor, all childhood cancer | RF field, magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, occupational |
Wilkins 3rd JR et al. | 1988 | case-control study | men, women, children, 0–19 years | 1959 - 1978 | USA | childhood brain/CNS tumor | electric field, magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, occupational |
Feychting M et al. | 1993 | case-control study | children, 0–15 years | 1960 - 1985 | Sweden | childhood leukemia, childhood lymphoma, central nervous system tumor, other childhood cancer | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential |
Feychting M et al. | 1995 | pooled analysis | children, 0–15 years | 1960 - 1986 | Sweden and Denmark | leukaemia, malignant lymphoma, central nervous system tumor | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential |
Kheifets L et al. | 2010 | pooled analysis | children, 0–15 years | 1960 - 2001 | USA, Sweden, Norway, Finland, Denmark, UK, Germany, Japan | childhood brain/CNS tumor | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, residential |
Zhang Y et al. | 2016 | meta-analysis | men, women, children | 1960 - 2009 | USA, Canada, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, France, Italy, Germany, UK, Japan, China, New Zealand, Brazil, Iran | leukemia and lymphoma, brain tumor, breast cancer, other cancer, childhood leukemia, childhood brain/CNS tumor | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Seomun G et al. | 2021 | meta-analysis | children, 0–19 years | 1960 - 2009 | UK, Germany, Denmark, Sweden, Finland, Norway, Italy, New Zealand, Canada, USA, Japan, Iran, Brazil, Czech Republic, Malaysia | childhood leukemia, childhood brain/CNS tumor, other childhood cancer | magnetic field, low frequency, power transmission line, 50/60 Hz |
MacCarthy A et al. | 2010 | - | men, children, children in utero, 0–14 years | 1962 - 1999 | Great Britain | neuroblastoma | occupational, also other exposures without EMF, EMF general |
Bunch KJ et al. | 2014 | case-control study | children, 0–14 years | 1962 - 2008 | UK | childhood leukemia, childhood brain/CNS tumor, other solid tumors | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential |
Swanson J et al. | 2014 | case-control study | children, 0–14 years | 1962 - 2008 | UK | childhood leukemia, childhood brain/CNS tumor, other childhood cancer | electric field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential, also other exposures without EMF, co-exposure |
Bunch KJ et al. | 2015 | case-control study | children, 0–14 years | 1962 - 2008 | UK | childhood leukemia, childhood brain/CNS tumor, other childhood cancer | magnetic field, static magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, DC, underground cable, high-voltage direct current (HVDC), residential |
Bunch KJ et al. | 2016 | case-control study | children, 0–14 years | 1962 - 2008 | UK | lymphoid leukemia and acute myeloid leukemia, childhood brain/CNS tumor, other childhood cancer | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential |
Draper G et al. | 2005 | case-control study | children, 0–14 years | 1962-1995 | UK | childhood leukemia, childhood brain/CNS tumor, other childhood cancer | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential |
Kroll ME et al. | 2010 | case-control study | children, 0–14 years | 1962-1995 | UK | childhood leukemia, childhood brain/CNS tumor, other childhood cancer | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential |
Johnson CC et al. | 1989 | case-control study | children, children in utero, 0–14 years | 1964 - 1980 | USA | nervous system tumor | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, occupational |
Tynes T et al. | 1997 | case-control study | children, 0–14 years | 1965 - 1989 | Norway | childhood leukemia, childhood lymphoma, childhood brain/CNS tumor, other childhood cancer, all childhood cancer | electric field, magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential |
Nasca PC et al. | 1988 | case-control study | children, 0–14 years | 1968 - 1977 | USA | tumor of the central nervous system | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, occupational, also other exposures without EMF |
Pearce MS et al. | 2007 | case-control study | men, women, children, 0–25 years | 1968 - 2000 | UK | childhood leukemia, childhood brain/CNS tumor, retinoblastoma, renal tumor, hepatic tumor, malignant bone tumor, soft tissue sarcoma, germ cell neoplasm | electric field, magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, occupational, also other exposures without EMF |
Pedersen C et al. | 2015 | case-control study | children, 0–14 years | 1968 - 2003 | Denmark | childhood leukemia, childhood lymphoma, childhood brain/CNS tumor | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, underground cable, electrical substation, residential |
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