Study overviews

Epidemiological studies of low and radio frequency exposure on children's health comprise the following studies:

Epidemiological studies on the effects of low and radio frequency on children

337 studies in total
  1. Leukemia
    134 studies
  2. Other health effects
    89 studies
  3. Pregnancy outcomes
    88 studies
  4. Brain/CNS tumor
    68 studies
  5. Other types of cancer
    32 studies
  6. Lymphoma
    20 studies
  7. Cancer (unspecified)
    19 studies

Leukemia

134 studies in total
  1. Low frequency
    112 studies
  2. Radio frequency
    19 studies
  3. Other
    5 studies
  4. DC and static fields
    one study

Low frequency 112 studies in total

List view
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Authors Year Study type Study group Observation period Study location Endpoints Parameters
Authors Year Study type Study group Observation period Study location Endpoints Parameters
Kraut A et al. 1994 - children 1970 - 1986 Canada childhood leukemia, childhood brain/CNS tumor, all childhood cancer electric field, magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential
Söderberg KC et al. 2002 case-control study children 1973 - 1989 Sweden acute lymphoblastic leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia magnetic field, personal
Wartenberg D 1998 meta-analysis children - USA, Taiwan, Australia, Mexico, Sweden, UK, Denmark, Sweden, Finland, Netherlands, Greece childhood leukemia magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential
Kheifets L et al. 2006 - children - Canada, USA, Japan, Korea, UK, Belgium, Germany childhood leukemia electric field, magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, residential
Guo H et al. 2023 meta-analysis children - - childhood leukemia magnetic field, low frequency, power transmission line, residential, also other exposures without EMF
London SJ et al. 1991 case-control study children, 0–10 years 1980 - 1987 USA childhood leukemia electric field, magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, other domestic appliance, residential
Bowman JD et al. 1995 case-control study, reanalysis children, 0–10 years not stated USA childhood leukemia magnetic field, static magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, residential
Thomas DC et al. 1999 case-control study children, 0–10 years 1980 - 1987 USA childhood leukemia magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential
Salvan A et al. 2015 case-control study children, 0–10 years 1998 - 2001 Italy childhood leukemia magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential
Malagoli C et al. 2010 case-control study children, 0–13 years 1986 - 2007 Italy acute lymphoblastic leukemia, all types of leukemia, all malignant neoplasms of the lymphatic and hematopoietic tissue magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential
Dockerty JD et al. 1999 case-control study children, 0–14 years 1990 - 1993 New Zealand childhood leukemia magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential
Myers A et al. 1990 case-control study children, 0–14 years 1970 - 1979 UK childhood leukemia, childhood lymphoma, childhood brain/CNS tumor, other childhood cancer magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential
Michaelis J et al. 1997 case-control study children, 0–14 years July 1988 - June 1993 Germany childhood leukemia magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, inhouse wiring, residential
Olsen J et al. 1993 case-control study children, 0–14 years April 1968 - December 1986 Denmark childhood leukemia, childhood lymphoma, tumor of the central nervous system, other childhood cancer magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential
McBride ML et al. 1999 case-control study children, 0–14 years January 1990 - December 1994, until June 1995 in British Columbia and Quebec Canada acute lymphatic leukemia and other types electric field, magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential
Green LM et al. 1999 case-control study children, 0–14 years 1985 - 1993 Canada childhood leukemia electric field, magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, inhouse wiring, residential
Green LM et al. 1999 case-control study children, 0–14 years 1985 - 1993 Canada childhood leukemia magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential
Feychting M et al. 2000 cohort study children, 0–14 years 1976 - 1993 Sweden childhood leukemia, childhood brain/CNS tumor, all childhood cancer magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, occupational
Coghill RW et al. 1996 case-control study children, 0–14 years April 1985 - March 1995 United Kingdom acute lymphocytic leukemia electric field, magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, inhouse wiring, other domestic appliance, residential
Savitz DA et al. 1993 case-control study children, 0–14 years 1976 - 1983 USA leukemia, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, childhood lymphoma, childhood brain/CNS tumor, soft tissue sarcoma, and other types, all childhood cancer magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential
Linet MS et al. 1997 case-control study children, 0–14 years 1989 - 1994 USA acute lymphoblastic leukemia magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential
Lin RS et al. 1994 cohort study children, 0–14 years 1979 - 1988 Taiwan childhood leukemia magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential
Tynes T et al. 1997 case-control study children, 0–14 years 1965 - 1989 Norway childhood leukemia, childhood lymphoma, childhood brain/CNS tumor, other childhood cancer, all childhood cancer electric field, magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential
Savitz DA et al. 1990 case-control study children, 0–14 years 1976 - 1983 USA childhood leukemia, childhood brain/CNS tumor, all childhood cancer magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, electric blanket, other domestic appliance, personal
Li CY et al. 1998 cohort study children, 0–14 years 1987 - 1992 Taiwan childhood leukemia magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential
Michaelis J et al. 1998 case-control study children, 0–14 years July 1988 - June 1993 in Lower Saxony, January 1991 - September 1994 in Berlin Germany acute leukemia magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, inhouse wiring, residential
Dockerty JD et al. 1998 case-control study children, 0–14 years 1990 - 1993 New Zealand childhood leukemia, childhood brain/CNS tumor, other solid cancers magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, inhouse wiring, other domestic appliance, residential, personal
Savitz DA et al. 1988 case-control study children, 0–14 years January 1976 - December 1983 USA childhood leukemia, childhood lymphoma, childhood brain/CNS tumor, solid tissue tumors and other cancers, all childhood cancer electric field, magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential
Kleinerman RA et al. 2000 case-control study children, 0–14 years 1989 - 1993 USA acute lymphoblastic leukemia magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential
UK Childhood Cancer Study Investigators 1999 case-control study children, 0–14 years 01/1991 - 12/1994 in Scotland, 4/1992 - 12/1994 in Wales and England, 1995 for leukemia and Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, 1996 for leukemia UK acute lymphoblastic leukemia, total leukemia, cancer of central nervous system, other malignant diseases magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, inhouse wiring, residential
Petridou E et al. 1997 case-control study children, 0–14 years 1993 - 1994 Greece childhood leukemia electric field, magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential
Smulevich VB et al. 1999 case-control study children, 0–14 years 1986 - 1988 Russia leukemia, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Hodgkin lymphoma, childhood brain/CNS tumor, all childhood cancer radar, electric field, magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, PC/TV monitor, occupational, also other exposures without EMF
Ahlbom A et al. 2000 pooled analysis children, 0–14 years different for each country Canada, Denmark, Finland, Germany, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden, USA, UK acute lymphatic leukaemia magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential
Greenland S et al. 2000 meta-analysis children, 0–14 years - USA, Canada, England, Sweden, Norway, Finland, Germany, Denmark, New Zealand, Mexico childhood leukemia magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential
Auvinen A et al. 2000 case-control study children, 0–14 years 1989 - 1993 USA childhood leukemia magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential
Bianchi N et al. 2000 case-control study children, 0–14 years 1976 - 1992 Italy childhood leukemia magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential
UK Childhood Cancer Study Investigators 2000 case-control study children, 0–14 years 01/1991 - 12/1994 in Scotland, 4/1992 - 12/1994 in Wales and England, 1995 for leukemia and Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, 1996 for leukemia UK acute lymphoblastic leukemia, total leukemia, cancer of central nervous system, other malignant disease magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential
Schüz J et al. 2001 case-control study children, 0–14 years a) October 1992 - September 1994, b) January 1990 - September 1994 West Germany acute leukemia magnetic field, 16 2/3 Hz (train), residential
Schüz J et al. 2001 case-control study children, 0–14 years a) October 1992 - September 1994, b) January 1990 - September 1994 West Germany acute leukemia, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, inhouse wiring, residential
Skinner J et al. 2002 case-control study children, 0–14 years 1992 - 1996 UK acute lymphoblastic leukemia, childhood brain/CNS tumor magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential
Mizoue T et al. 2004 - children, 0–14 years 1992 - 2001 Japan childhood leukemia, childhood lymphoma magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential
Petridou E et al. 1993 case-control study children, 0–14 years July 1987 - June 1991 Greece childhood leukemia magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, electrical substation, residential, also other exposures without EMF
Draper G et al. 2005 case-control study children, 0–14 years 1962-1995 UK childhood leukemia, childhood brain/CNS tumor, other childhood cancer magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential
Feizi AA et al. 2007 case-control study children, 0–14 years 1998 - 2004 Iran, Tabriz acute leukemia magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential
Rahman HIA et al. 2008 case-control study children, 0–14 years January 2001 - May 2007 Malaysia acute leukemia magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential, also other exposures without EMF
Petridou E et al. 1993 - children, 0–14 years 1976 - 1989 Greece childhood leukemia electric field, magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, inhouse wiring, personal
Hug K et al. 2010 case-control study children, 0–14 years July 1988 - June 1993, October 1992 - September 1994 Germany acute leukemia, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, CNS tumor, neuroblastoma, Wilms tumor, bone tumor, and soft tissue sarcoma magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, occupational
Kroll ME et al. 2010 case-control study children, 0–14 years 1962-1995 UK childhood leukemia, childhood brain/CNS tumor, other childhood cancer magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential
Jirik V et al. 2012 case-control study children, 0–14 years not stated Czech Republic childhood leukemia magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, inhouse wiring, residential
Sermage-Faure C et al. 2013 case-control study children, 0–14 years 2002 - 2007 France acute leukemia magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential