Epidemiological studies of low and radio frequency exposure on children's health comprise the following studies:
Authors | Year | Study type | Study group | Observation period | Study location | Endpoints | Parameters |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nordström S et al. | 1983 | - | men, children in utero, newborns | 1953 - 1979 | Sweden | spontaneous abortion, perinatal death (stillbirth and deaths before 7 days of age), congenital malformation | electric field, magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, electrical substation, occupational |
Wertheimer N et al. | 1986 | - | women, children in utero, newborns | 1975 - 1981 | USA | abortion, congenital malformation, birth weight, gestation period | electric field, magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, other domestic appliance, personal |
Kanal E et al. | 1993 | - | women, children in utero, newborns | 1990 | USA | live birth, miscarriage, infertility, preterm delivery, gender of the offspring, and birth weight | RF field, magnetic field, static magnetic field, DC, MRI, occupational |
McDonald AD et al. | 1986 | - | women, children in utero, newborns | 1982 - 1984 | Canada | spontaneous a.bortion, congenital defects | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, PC/TV monitor, occupational |
McDonald AD et al. | 1988 | - | women, children in utero, newborns | 1982 - 1984 | Canada | spontaneous abortions, stillbirth, congenital defect, and low birth weight | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, PC/TV monitor, occupational |
Kok RD et al. | 2004 | - | children, children in utero, newborns, 0–9 years | 1998 - 2000 | The Netherlands | birth weight, gestational age at birth, type of delivery, and arterial pH at birth, neurological evaluation (functioning of eyes and ears), gross and fine motor functioning, social development and communication | MRI |
Myers C et al. | 1998 | - | women, children in utero | not stated | UK | gestational age at delivery, APGAR scores at 1 and 5 min, admission to the neonatal unit, method of delivery, birthweight and individualized birthweight ratio | MRI |
Auger N et al. | 2011 | - | women, children in utero, newborns | 1990 - 2004 | Canada | preterm birth, low birth weight, small-for-gestational-age birth, and infant sex | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential |
Mortazavi SM et al. | 2013 | - | women, children in utero, newborns | not stated | Iran | birth weight | mobile phone, mobile communications, cordless phone, PC/TV monitor, personal, also other exposures without EMF |
Col-Araz N | 2013 | - | women, children in utero, newborns | May - December 2009 | Turkey | birth weight and preterm birth | mobile phone, mobile communications, PC/TV monitor, personal |
Tokinobu A et al. | 2021 | - | women, children in utero, newborns | 2007 - 2008 | Japan | preterm birth, low birth weight and small‐for‐gestational‐age | intermediate frequency, induction cooker, magnetic field |
Yamaguchi-Sekino S et al. | 2024 | - | women, newborns | not stated | Japan | premature birth and low birth weight | MRI, occupational |
Sato Y et al. | 2023 | - | women, children in utero, newborns, ≥ 20 years | 2021 - 2022 | Japan | birth weight and gestational age at birth | magnetic field, intermediate frequency, induction cooker |
Lindbohm ML et al. | 1992 | case-control study | women, children in utero | 1975 - 1985 | Finland | spontaneous abortion | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, PC/TV monitor, occupational |
Robert E et al. | 1996 | case-control study | children in utero, newborns | 1988 - 1991 | France | congenital anomaly | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential |
Kurppa K et al. | 1985 | case-control study | women, children in utero, newborns | 1976 - 1982 | Finland | congenital malformations (defects of the central nervous system, orofacial clefts, skeletal defects, or cardiovascular malformations) | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, PC/TV monitor, occupational |
Juutilainen J et al. | 1993 | case-control study | women, children in utero | 1984 - 1986 | Finland | early pregnancy loss | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, residential |
Li DK et al. | 1995 | case-control study | children in utero, newborns | 1990 - 1991 | USA | congenital urinary tract anomalies | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, other domestic appliance, personal |
Savitz DA et al. | 1994 | case-control study | women, children in utero, newborns | 1976 - 1983 | USA | miscarriage, low birth weight, preterm delivery | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential |
Robert E | 1993 | case-control study | women, children in utero, newborns | 1988 - 1989 | France | birth defects: chromosomal aberrations, central nervous system anomalies, skeletal malformations, cardiac defects, facial clefts, hypospadias, anomalies of the digestive system, and anomalies of the urinary system | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential |
Dlugosz L et al. | 1992 | case-control study | women, children in utero, newborns | 1988 - 1989 | USA | congenital defects | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, electric blanket, other domestic appliance, personal |
Shaw GM et al. | 1999 | case-control study | women, children in utero, newborns | 1989 - 1991 | USA | neural tube defect and orofacial cleft | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, electric blanket, other domestic appliance, personal |
Lee GM et al. | 2002 | case-control study | women, children in utero | March1990 - April 1991 | USA | miscarriage | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential, personal |
Bryant HE et al. | 1989 | case-control study | women, children in utero | January 1984 - April 1985 | Canada | spontaneous abortion | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, PC/TV monitor, personal |
Ericson A et al. | 1986 | case-control study | women, children in utero, newborns | 1980 - 1981 | Sweden | spontaneous abortions, stillbirths, early neonatal deaths (< 7 days age), birth weight, malformations | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, PC/TV monitor, occupational, also other exposures without EMF |
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