Epidemiological studies of low and radio frequency exposure on children's health comprise the following studies:
Authors | Year | Study type | Study group | Observation period | Study location | Endpoints | Parameters |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Strizek B et al. | 2015 | case-control study | children in utero, newborns | 2008 - 2012 | Belgium | birth weight | MRI, also other exposures without EMF |
de Souza S et al. | 2021 | ecological study | women, children in utero, newborns | 2012 - 2017 | Brazil | congenital abnormality: gastroschisis | magnetic field, power transmission line, 50/60 Hz, low frequency, residential |
Bryant HE et al. | 1989 | case-control study | women, children in utero | January 1984 - April 1985 | Canada | spontaneous abortion | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, PC/TV monitor, personal |
McDonald AD et al. | 1986 | - | women, children in utero, newborns | 1982 - 1984 | Canada | spontaneous a.bortion, congenital defects | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, PC/TV monitor, occupational |
McDonald AD et al. | 1988 | - | women, children in utero, newborns | 1982 - 1984 | Canada | spontaneous abortions, stillbirth, congenital defect, and low birth weight | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, PC/TV monitor, occupational |
Auger N et al. | 2011 | - | women, children in utero, newborns | 1990 - 2004 | Canada | preterm birth, low birth weight, small-for-gestational-age birth, and infant sex | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential |
Auger N et al. | 2012 | cohort study, retrospective cohort study | women, children in utero | 1998 - 2007 | Canada | stillbirth | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential |
Ray JG et al. | 2016 | cohort study | women, children in utero, 16–49 years | 2003 - 2015 | Canada | stillbirth, neonatal death within 28 days of birth, congenital anomaly, neoplasm, hearing or vision loss | MRI |
Auger N et al. | 2019 | cohort study | women, children in utero, newborns | 1989 - 2016 | Canada | birth defects: central nervous system, sense organs (eye, nose, ear), orofacial clefts, heart, respiratory, digestive, abdominal wall/diaphragm, genitourinary, and musculoskeletal systems, multiple defects | magnetic field, electric field, power transmission line, 50/60 Hz, electrical substation, residential |
Wang Q et al. | 2013 | cohort study | women, children in utero | May 2010 - May 2012 | China | miscarriage | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, electrical substation, residential |
Zhou LY et al. | 2017 | cross-sectional study | women, children in utero | January 2000 - December 2013 | China | spontaneous abortion | mobile phone, mobile phone base station, mobile communications, microw. oven/heating device, induction cooker, electric blanket, residential, personal, also other exposures without EMF |
Ren Y et al. | 2019 | cohort study | women, children in utero, newborns | 2012 | China | fetal growth: birth weight, skinfold thickness of back, triceps and abdomen, circumference of head, upper arm and abdomen | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, low frequency, personal |
Zhao D et al. | 2021 | case-control study | women, children in utero, newborns | 2014 - 2016 | China | congenital heart diseases | mobile communications, mobile phone, RF field, microw. oven/heating device, magnetic field, induction cooker, PC/TV monitor, low frequency, other domestic appliance, intermediate frequency, shielding/field deprivation |
Nielsen CV et al. | 1992 | case-control study | women, children in utero, newborns | 1984 - 1985 | Denmark | low birthweight, preterm birth, infant mortality | electric field, magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, PC/TV monitor, occupational |
Brandt LP et al. | 1990 | case-control study | women, children in utero, newborns | 1984 - 1985 | Denmark | congenital malformations | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, PC/TV monitor, occupational |
Lindbohm ML et al. | 1992 | case-control study | women, children in utero | 1975 - 1985 | Finland | spontaneous abortion | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, PC/TV monitor, occupational |
Kurppa K et al. | 1985 | case-control study | women, children in utero, newborns | 1976 - 1982 | Finland | congenital malformations (defects of the central nervous system, orofacial clefts, skeletal defects, or cardiovascular malformations) | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, PC/TV monitor, occupational |
Juutilainen J et al. | 1993 | case-control study | women, children in utero | 1984 - 1986 | Finland | early pregnancy loss | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, residential |
Nurminen T et al. | 1988 | case-control study | women, children in utero, newborns | 1976 - 1982 | Finland | threatened abortion, length of gestation, birthweight, placental weight, and maternal blood pressure | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, PC/TV monitor, occupational |
Eskelinen T et al. | 2016 | cohort study | women, children in utero, 18–44 years | 1990 - 1994 | Finland | time to pregnancy, birth weight and small for gestational age | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, underground cable, electrical substation, other domestic appliance, residential, personal |
Tikkanen J et al. | 1990 | case-control study | women, children in utero, newborns | 1982 - 1984 | Finland | cardiovascular malformations | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, PC/TV monitor, occupational |
Khan MW et al. | 2018 | preliminary study | women, children in utero, 18–40 years | 2008 - 2015 | Finland | miscarriage, reduced birth weight, smallness for gestational age and preterm birth | EAS/RFID, magnetic field, static magnetic field, low frequency, intermediate frequency, co-exposure, occupational |
Robert E et al. | 1996 | case-control study | children in utero, newborns | 1988 - 1991 | France | congenital anomaly | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential |
Robert E | 1993 | case-control study | women, children in utero, newborns | 1988 - 1989 | France | birth defects: chromosomal aberrations, central nervous system anomalies, skeletal malformations, cardiac defects, facial clefts, hypospadias, anomalies of the digestive system, and anomalies of the urinary system | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential |
Migault L et al. | 2018 | cohort study | women, children in utero, newborns | 2011, follow-up at the child's age of 2 months | France | premature birth between 33 and 37 weeks of gestation, small for gestational age | magnetic field, low frequency, 50/60 Hz, occupational, residential |
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