Study overviews

Experimental studies on the effects of young animals include studies with young animals prenatally or postnatally (before or after hatching) exposed to electromagnetic fields.

Young animals in this spirit means animals of the whole animal kingdom (but in this context mainly mammals and birds), exposed and investigated before their adulthood.

The graphics also include some experimental studies with children.

Experimental studies on the effects of low and radio frequency on young animals

843 studies in total
  1. Teratogenicity, embryogenesis
    308 studies
  2. Other
    298 studies
  3. Central nervous system
    115 studies
  4. Behavior and cognitive processes
    52 studies
  5. Fertility
    45 studies
  6. Growth
    15 studies
  7. Endocrinologic processes
    10 studies

Teratogenicity, embryogenesis

308 studies in total
  1. Low frequency
    156 studies
  2. Radio frequency
    134 studies
  3. DC and static fields
    38 studies
  4. Other
    2 studies

Low frequency 156 studies in total

List view
10 25 50
Authors Year Exposed system Endpoints Frequency range SAR Exposure duration Parameters
Authors Year Exposed system Endpoints Frequency range SAR Exposure duration Parameters
Ossenkopp KP et al. 1972 - - 500 mHz - continuous for about 22 or 3 days magnetic field, low frequency
Toman R et al. 2002 - - - - 20 min magnetic field
Kim SH et al. 2004 - - 20 kHz - repeated daily exposure, 8 h/d, from Day 2.5 to 15.5 of gestation. magnetic field, intermediate frequency
Formicki K et al. 1998 - - - - continuous for 90 min magnetic field
Karja NW et al. 2006 - - - - - electric field, signals/pulses
Ravera S et al. 2006 - - 75 Hz - 150 min low frequency, magnetic field
Nishikawa U et al. 1986 - - - - - signals/pulses
Nishimura I et al. 2009 - - - - - magnetic field, PC/TV monitor, induction cooker, intermediate frequency
Rooze M et al. 1985 - - 15 Hz - - electric field, low frequency, signals/pulses
Boga A et al. 2012 - - 16 Hz - - electric field, signals/pulses
Lee W et al. 2014 - - 3.2 kHz - - magnetic field
Krylov VV et al. 2016 - - 72.5–500 Hz - - magnetic field, low frequency, also other exposures without EMF, co-exposure
Grimaldi S et al. 2004 animal, African clawed frog (<i>Xenopus laevis</i>) (tadpoles), whole body tadpole survival and metamorphosis-rate 50 Hz - continuous for 65 days magnetic field, low frequency, 50/60 Hz
Severini M et al. 2009 animal, African clawed frog tadpoles (<i>Xenopus laevis</i>), whole body tadpole development 0–50 Hz - not reported, probably during the whole development magnetic field, static magnetic field, 50/60 Hz
Costa EV et al. 2013 animal, Japanese quail (<i>Coturnix japonica</i>), whole body: embryo <i>in ovo</i> development of blood vessels in the yolk sac 60 Hz - intermittent for 3, 6, 9, 12 or 24 h/day for 2 days (see add. information) magnetic field, low frequency, 50/60 Hz
Cameron IL et al. 1985 animal, Japanese rice fish (<i>Oryzias latipes</i>) (embryo), whole body embryogenesis 60 Hz - continuous for 48 h electric field, magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line
Pafkova H et al. 1994 animal, chicken (embryo), whole body - 50 Hz - see remark* 50/60 Hz, therapeutic/medical device
Bardasano JL et al. 1986 animal, chicken embryos (eggs) - 60 Hz - 4 to 5d magnetic field, 50/60 Hz
Youbicier-Simo BJ et al. 1997 animal, chicken embryos (eggs) and chickens after hatching, whole body - 50–80 Hz - continuous for 47 days magnetic field, low frequency, intermediate frequency, 50/60 Hz, PC/TV monitor
Farrell JM et al. 1997 animal, chicken embryos (eggs), whole body - 60 Hz - continuous for 48 h magnetic field, 50/60 Hz
Farrell JM et al. 1998 animal, chicken embryos (eggs), whole body - 60 Hz - 8, 15, 17, 20, 23, or 26 h magnetic field, 50/60 Hz
Pafkova H et al. 1996 animal, chicken embryos (eggs), whole body - 50 Hz - - magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, co-exposure
DiCarlo AL et al. 1998 animal, chicken embryos (eggs), whole body - 60 Hz - continuous for 20 min magnetic field, 50/60 Hz
Di Carlo AL et al. 1999 animal, chicken embryos (eggs), whole body - 60 Hz - 2 min to 2 h magnetic field, 50/60 Hz
Farrell JM et al. 1997 animal, chicken embryos (eggs), whole body - 60 Hz - 48 hrs magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, signals/pulses