Study overviews

Experimental studies on the effects of young animals include studies with young animals prenatally or postnatally (before or after hatching) exposed to electromagnetic fields.

Young animals in this spirit means animals of the whole animal kingdom (but in this context mainly mammals and birds), exposed and investigated before their adulthood.

The graphics also include some experimental studies with children.

Experimental studies on the effects of low and radio frequency on young animals

842 studies in total
  1. Teratogenicity, embryogenesis
    308 studies
  2. Other
    297 studies
  3. Central nervous system
    115 studies
  4. Behavior and cognitive processes
    52 studies
  5. Fertility
    45 studies
  6. Growth
    15 studies
  7. Endocrinologic processes
    10 studies

Teratogenicity, embryogenesis

308 studies in total
  1. Low frequency
    156 studies
  2. Radio frequency
    134 studies
  3. DC and static fields
    38 studies
  4. Other
    2 studies

Low frequency 156 studies in total

List view
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Authors Year Exposed system Endpoints Frequency range SAR Exposure duration Parameters
Authors Year Exposed system Endpoints Frequency range SAR Exposure duration Parameters
Levin M et al. 1995 invertebrate, sea urchin (<i>Strongylocentrotus purpuratus</i>) (embryo) - 0–60 Hz - continuous magnetic field, static magnetic field, low frequency, 50/60 Hz, DC
Terol FF et al. 1994 - - 0 Hz–1 kHz - - -
Gagnon ZE et al. 2003 animal, mouse/Swiss Webster, whole body embryo development 0 Hz–25 MHz - exposure started on the 18th day of pregnancy; one week later, offspring was born and maintained together with their mothers for 21 days. After that, only the mothers were left to continue for another 4 weeks. EMF general
Zusman I et al. 1990 animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley and mouse - 1–100 Hz - - electric field, low frequency, signals/pulses
Juutilainen J et al. 1986 - - 1 Hz–100 kHz - 52 hrs magnetic field, intermediate frequency
Nakagawa H et al. 2018 animal, mexican axolotl (<i>Ambystoma mexicanum</i>) - 10 Hz - - magnetic field, static magnetic field
Delgado JM et al. 1982 - - 10–100 Hz - continuous for 48 hrs magnetic field, low frequency, intermediate frequency
McGivern RF et al. 1990 - - 15 Hz - 15 min twice a days from day 15 till day 20 of gestation signals/pulses
Rooze M et al. 1985 - - 15 Hz - - electric field, low frequency, signals/pulses
Yip YP et al. 1994 animal, chicken/White Leghorn, whole body: <i>in ovo</i> - 15–200 Hz - continuous for 6 h MRI