Experimental studies on the effects of young animals include studies with young animals prenatally or postnatally (before or after hatching) exposed to electromagnetic fields.
Young animals in this spirit means animals of the whole animal kingdom (but in this context mainly mammals and birds), exposed and investigated before their adulthood.
The graphics also include some experimental studies with children.
Authors | Year | Exposed system | Endpoints | Frequency range | SAR | Exposure duration | Parameters |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tyndall DA | 1993 | animal, mouse/C57BL/6J (embryo), whole body: <i>in utero</i> | - | - | - | 36 min/day from day 7 to day 14 of gestation | static magnetic field, MRI |
Bellossi A | 1992 | - | - | - | - | repeated exposure, 30 min/day, on 2 non-consecutive days/week, lifelong | magnetic field, signals/pulses, therapeutic/medical device |
Zimmermann B et al. | 1987 | animal, mouse/NMRI, whole body | - | - | - | continuous for 18 days | static magnetic field, DC, MRI |
Konermann G et al. | 1986 | animal, mouse/albino | - | - | - | - | static magnetic field, DC, MRI |
Kubiak JZ et al. | 1985 | - | - | - | - | - | electric field, signals/pulses |
Ozil JP et al. | 1986 | - | - | - | - | - | signals/pulses, electric current application |
Tyndall DA | 1990 | animal, mouse/C57BL/6J, whole body: <i>in utero</i> | - | - | - | - | MRI, co-exposure, also other exposures without EMF |
Piera V et al. | 1992 | - | - | - | - | continuous | - |
Toman R et al. | 2002 | - | - | - | - | 20 min | magnetic field |
Saito K et al. | 2006 | animal, mouse/SS | - | - | - | continuous for 60 min on day 7.5, 9.5, 10.5, 11.5, 12.5, 13.5, or 14.5 of pregnancy | static magnetic field |
Formicki K et al. | 1998 | - | - | - | - | continuous for 90 min | magnetic field |
Karja NW et al. | 2006 | - | - | - | - | - | electric field, signals/pulses |
Nishikawa U et al. | 1986 | - | - | - | - | - | signals/pulses |
Nishimura I et al. | 2009 | - | - | - | - | - | magnetic field, PC/TV monitor, induction cooker, intermediate frequency |
Gu Y et al. | 2001 | animal, mouse/ICR (embryo), whole body: <i>in utero</i> | - | - | - | - | MRI, also other exposures without EMF, co-exposure |
Okazaki R et al. | 2001 | animal, mouse/ICR, whole body: <i>in utero</i> | - | - | - | continuously for 2 days | static magnetic field, MRI, co-exposure |
Rofsky NM et al. | 1994 | animal, mouse/CD-1, whole body | - | - | - | - | MRI, co-exposure, also other exposures without EMF |
Jiang ML et al. | 2003 | animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley (embryo), whole body: <i>in utero</i> | - | - | - | - | MRI |
Zhu C et al. | 2011 | animal, rat/Wistar (embryo), whole body: <i>in utero</i> | - | - | - | - | MRI |
Behr KP et al. | 1991 | animal, chicken embryos, whole body: <i>in ovo</i> | - | - | - | - | RF field, static magnetic field, MRI |
Wang Y et al. | 2016 | human, whole body | - | - | - | - | MRI |
Pais-Roldan P et al. | 2016 | animal, zebrafish embryos and larvae | - | - | - | - | static magnetic field, DC, MRI |
Kantarcioglu E et al. | 2018 | animal, chicken/Super Nick (egg) | - | - | - | - | static magnetic field, MRI |
Liu C et al. | 2023 | animal, zebrafish embryos (<i>Danio rerio</i>) | - | - | - | - | static magnetic field, MRI |
Ossenkopp KP et al. | 1972 | - | - | 500 mHz | - | continuous for about 22 or 3 days | magnetic field, low frequency |
Dupont MJ et al. | 2004 | animal, rat/Wistar albino, whole body | effects on neurons and glia cells | 500 mHz | - | continuous for 9 days ( 2 days befor and 7 days after birth) | magnetic field, low frequency, signals/pulses |
Pagnac C et al. | 1998 | invertebrate, sea urchin (<i>Sphaerechinus granularis</i> and <i>Paracentrotus lividus</i>) (embryo), whole body | - | 0 Hz | - | up to 150 min | 50/60 Hz, magnetic field, static magnetic field |
Prasad N et al. | 1990 | animal, embryos of <i>Rana pipiens</i> (Northern leopard frog), whole body: <i>in ovo</i> | - | 0 Hz | - | 1 hr | RF field, static magnetic field, MRI |
Joshi MV et al. | 1978 | - | - | 0 Hz | - | 1 hr | magnetic field |
Severini M et al. | 2009 | animal, African clawed frog tadpoles (<i>Xenopus laevis</i>), whole body | tadpole development | 0–50 Hz | - | not reported, probably during the whole development | magnetic field, static magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Levin M et al. | 1995 | invertebrate, sea urchin (<i>Strongylocentrotus purpuratus</i>) (embryo) | - | 0–60 Hz | - | continuous | magnetic field, static magnetic field, low frequency, 50/60 Hz, DC |
Terol FF et al. | 1994 | - | - | 0 Hz–1 kHz | - | - | - |
Gagnon ZE et al. | 2003 | animal, mouse/Swiss Webster, whole body | embryo development | 0 Hz–25 MHz | - | exposure started on the 18th day of pregnancy; one week later, offspring was born and maintained together with their mothers for 21 days. After that, only the mothers were left to continue for another 4 weeks. | EMF general |
Zusman I et al. | 1990 | animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley and mouse | - | 1–100 Hz | - | - | electric field, low frequency, signals/pulses |
Juutilainen J et al. | 1986 | - | - | 1 Hz–100 kHz | - | 52 hrs | magnetic field, intermediate frequency |
Nakagawa H et al. | 2018 | animal, mexican axolotl (<i>Ambystoma mexicanum</i>) | - | 10 Hz | - | - | magnetic field, static magnetic field |
Delgado JM et al. | 1982 | - | - | 10–100 Hz | - | continuous for 48 hrs | magnetic field, low frequency, intermediate frequency |
McGivern RF et al. | 1990 | - | - | 15 Hz | - | 15 min twice a days from day 15 till day 20 of gestation | signals/pulses |
Rooze M et al. | 1985 | - | - | 15 Hz | - | - | electric field, low frequency, signals/pulses |
Yip YP et al. | 1994 | animal, chicken/White Leghorn, whole body: <i>in ovo</i> | - | 15–200 Hz | - | continuous for 6 h | MRI |
Heinrichs WL et al. | 1988 | animal, mouse/BALB/c, whole body | - | 15–400 Hz | - | continuous for 16 h | MRI, also other exposures without EMF |
Boga A et al. | 2012 | - | - | 16 Hz | - | - | electric field, signals/pulses |
Chacon L et al. | 1990 | - | - | 30 Hz | - | continuous for 48 hrs | magnetic field, low frequency, signals/pulses |
Koch WE et al. | 1991 | animal, chicken embryos (eggs), whole body | - | 33–50 Hz | - | 10 times 10 ms, 6 times 1 ms, 26 times 20 ms or 5 times 30 ms | magnetic field, low frequency, signals/pulses, 50/60 Hz |
Krylov VV | 2010 | invertebrate, <i>Daphnia magna</i> Straus (great water flea) | embryogenesis, developmental stages, morphometric and production characteristics of adult females that developed from the exposed eggs; survival rate | 45–500 Hz | - | up to 43.70 h | magnetic field, low frequency |
Zecca L et al. | 1985 | animal, rat/Sprague Dawley (embryo and adult), whole body | - | 50 Hz | - | 3 h/day, 4 weeks | magnetic field, signals/pulses, 50/60 Hz |
Huuskonen H et al. | 1993 | animal, rat/Wistar, whole body | fetal development/teratogenicity | 50 Hz | - | continuous for 20 days | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, intermediate frequency |
Kowalczuk CI et al. | 1994 | animal, mouse/CD-1, whole body | - | 50 Hz | - | 24 hr/day from 0 to 17 day of gestation. | magnetic field, low frequency, 50/60 Hz |
Juutilainen J et al. | 1997 | animal, mouse/CBA/Ca and CBA/s, whole body | fetal loss/resorptions | 50 Hz | - | continuous for 8 days, 24 hrs/day | 50/60 Hz, PC/TV monitor, intermediate frequency, magnetic field |
Mevissen M et al. | 1994 | animal, rat/Wistar, whole body | - | 50 Hz | - | repeated daily exposure of 24 hrs for 20 days | magnetic field, static magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
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