Experimental studies on the effects of young animals include studies with young animals prenatally or postnatally (before or after hatching) exposed to electromagnetic fields.
Young animals in this spirit means animals of the whole animal kingdom (but in this context mainly mammals and birds), exposed and investigated before their adulthood.
The graphics also include some experimental studies with children.
Authors | Year | Exposed system | Endpoints | Frequency range | SAR | Exposure duration | Parameters |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Galvin MJ et al. | 1980 | - | - | 2.45 GHz | 4.03–16.02 mW/g | continuous | microwaves, CW continuous wave |
Inouye M et al. | 1982 | - | - | 2.45 GHz | 1.3 W/kg | 3 h on day 2 or day 3 of gestation | microwaves, 2.45 GHz |
Inouye M et al. | 1983 | - | - | 2.45 GHz | 1.76 W/kg | 3 h/day through 4-21 days of gestation | microwaves, 2.45 GHz |
Lary JM et al. | 1982 | - | - | 27.12 MHz | - | gestation day 1,3,5,7,9,11,13 or 15 | RF field, CW continuous wave |
Nawrot PS et al. | 1985 | - | - | 2.45 GHz | 40.2 W/kg | 8 h/day through 1-6 or 6-15 days of gestation | microwaves, CW continuous wave, 2.45 GHz |
Smialowicz RJ et al. | 1981 | - | - | 100 MHz | 2.8 W/kg | 4 h/day | RF field, CW continuous wave |
Berman E et al. | 1984 | - | - | 2.45 GHz | 16.5 mW/g | 100 min./day | microwaves, 2.45 GHz |
Spiers DE et al. | 1991 | - | - | 2.45 GHz | 3.3–15.2 W/kg | 8 h/day for 1 to 15 days | microwaves, CW continuous wave, 2.45 GHz |
Byman D et al. | 1985 | - | - | 2.45 GHz | - | 2 x 30 min/day for 17 days | microwaves, CW continuous wave, 2.45 GHz |
Lary JM et al. | 1983 | - | - | 100 MHz | 0.4 W/kg | 6 h 40 min /day - on gestation days 6 - 11 (total 40h) | low level microwaves, CW continuous wave |
Lieb RJ et al. | 1980 | - | - | 27.12 MHz | - | continuous for 20 min | therapeutic/medical device |
Berman E et al. | 1992 | - | - | 970 MHz | 70 µW/g–4.8 mW/g | - | RF field, microwaves |
Clark MW et al. | 1987 | - | - | 2.45 GHz | 4 nW/g | first 12 days of embryogeny (incubation) | microwaves, CW continuous wave, 2.45 GHz |
Gildersleeve RP et al. | 1986 | - | - | 2.45 GHz | 4 nW/g | first 12 days of embryogeny | microwaves, CW continuous wave, 2.45 GHz |
McRee DI et al. | 1975 | - | - | 2.45 GHz | 14 nW/g | 4h/day during the first 5 days of incubation | microwaves, 2.45 GHz |
McRee DI et al. | 1977 | - | - | 2.45 GHz | 4.03 nW/g | first 12 days of development | microwaves, CW continuous wave, 2.45 GHz |
Hamrick PE et al. | 1975 | - | - | 2.45 GHz | - | continuous, 24 h | microwaves, 2.45 GHz |
Galvin MJ et al. | 1983 | - | - | 2.45 GHz | 103.4 µW/g | 3h/day from day 4- day 20 of pregnancy | microwaves, CW continuous wave, 2.45 GHz |
Dietzel F | 1975 | - | - | 27.12 MHz | - | 5 min | UHF fields, microwaves |
Berman E et al. | 1982 | - | - | 2.45 GHz | 6–9 mW/g | 100 min./day from 6th till 14th day of gestation | microwaves, CW continuous wave, 2.45 GHz |
Chernovetz ME et al. | 1975 | - | - | 2.45 GHz | 38 W/kg | 10 min on the 11th, 12th, 13th or 14th day of gestation | microwaves, CW continuous wave, 2.45 GHz |
Fisher PD et al. | 1979 | - | - | 2.45 GHz | - | continuous; for 4 days | 2.45 GHz, microwaves, CW continuous wave, low level microwaves |
Kaplan J et al. | 1982 | - | - | 2.45 GHz | 0.034–3.4 W/kg | repeated daily exposure, 3 h/day, 5 days/week, for 6 months | 2.45 GHz |
Clarke RL et al. | 1983 | - | - | 2.45 GHz | 80 W/kg | 300 s | microwaves, 2.45 GHz |
Tofani S et al. | 1986 | - | - | 27.12 MHz | - | continuous | - |
Roux C et al. | 1986 | - | - | 434 MHz | - | 15 min. | microwaves, co-exposure |
Schmidt RE et al. | 1984 | - | - | 2.45 GHz | 400 µW/g | continuous, from day 2-day18 of gestation | low level microwaves |
Michaelson SM et al. | 1976 | - | - | 2.45 GHz | - | 1 h | microwaves, 2.45 GHz |
Marcickiewicz J et al. | 1986 | - | - | 2.45 GHz | 4–16 W/kg | 2 h/day on days 1-18 of gestation. | microwaves, CW continuous wave, 2.45 GHz |
Schwartz JL et al. | 1985 | - | - | 2.695 GHz | 23 mW/g | repeated daily exposure of 12 hrs/day for 20 days | microwaves, PW pulsed wave |
Pyle SD et al. | 1975 | - | - | 2.7 GHz | - | - | microwaves, PW pulsed wave |
Lindauer GA et al. | 1974 | - | - | 9 GHz | - | continuous for 2 h | microwaves, CW continuous wave, PW pulsed wave |
Carpenter RL et al. | 1971 | - | - | 10 GHz | - | continuous for 20 min | RF field, CW continuous wave, microwaves |
Liu LM et al. | 1975 | - | - | 9 GHz | - | continuous for 2 h | - |
Saito K et al. | 1995 | - | - | 428 MHz | - | - | RF field, CW continuous wave |
Lyaginskaja AM et al. | 2010 | - | - | - | - | - | RF field, source not given |
Bas O et al. | 2013 | - | - | 900 MHz | - | - | mobile phone, mobile communications |
Shirai T et al. | 2017 | - | - | 800 MHz–5.2 GHz | - | - | mobile communications, CDMA, RF field, W-LAN/WiFi, co-exposure |
Amandokht Saghezchi S et al. | 2019 | - | - | 2.4 GHz | - | - | RF field |
Keleş Aİ | 2020 | - | - | 900 MHz | - | - | RF field |
Keleş Aİ et al. | 2021 | - | - | 900 MHz | - | - | RF field |
Andrašková S et al. | 2022 | - | - | - | - | - | microwaves, 2.45 GHz |
Sahingöz Yildirim AG et al. | 2022 | - | - | 10.715 GHz | - | - | microwaves |
DastAmooz S et al. | 2023 | - | - | 2.4 GHz | - | - | W-LAN/WiFi |
Wu H et al. | 2023 | - | - | - | - | - | W-LAN/WiFi, RF field, 2.45 GHz |
Song X et al. | 2023 | - | - | 2.52 THz | - | - | TeraHz |
Salameh M et al. | 2023 | - | - | 900 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, GSM |
Karadayi A et al. | 2024 | - | - | - | - | - | CW continuous wave, W-LAN/WiFi, microwaves, 2.45 GHz |
Boga A et al. | 2016 | animal, African clawed frog (<i>Xenopus laevis</i>) | - | - | - | - | mobile phone, GSM, mobile communications |
Boga A et al. | 2014 | animal, African clawed frog (<i>Xenopus laevis</i>) (embryos), whole body | embryonic development of the African clawed frog | 900 MHz | 1 W/kg | continuous for 4, 6 or 8 h | GSM, mobile communications, RF field, co-exposure |
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