Study overviews

Please note that a publication can be assigned to several endpoints, i.e. the sum of publications from the individual thematic points and subpoints can be greater than the total sum of actual publications.

Epidemiological studies on power frequency fields (50/60 Hz)

528 studies in total
  1. Childhood leukemia
    103 studies
  2. Other
    85 studies
  3. Leukemia/lymphoma
    85 studies
  4. Brain cancer
    81 studies
  5. Breast cancer
    65 studies
  6. Neurodegenerative diseases
    64 studies
  7. Other types of cancer
    63 studies
  8. Other types of childhood cancer
    62 studies
  9. Reproductive/pregnancy effects
    61 studies
  10. Hypersensitivity/well-being/subjective complaints
    31 studies

Reproductive/pregnancy effects 61 studies in total

List view
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Authors Year Study type Study group Observation period Study location Endpoints Parameters
Authors Year Study type Study group Observation period Study location Endpoints Parameters
Wertheimer N et al. 1989 - women 1983 - 1985 USA fetal loss magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, electric blanket, other domestic appliance, personal
Nordström S et al. 1983 - men, children in utero, newborns 1953 - 1979 Sweden spontaneous abortion, perinatal death (stillbirth and deaths before 7 days of age), congenital malformation electric field, magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, electrical substation, occupational
Wertheimer N et al. 1986 - women, children in utero, newborns 1975 - 1981 USA abortion, congenital malformation, birth weight, gestation period electric field, magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, other domestic appliance, personal
McDonald AD et al. 1986 - women, children in utero, newborns 1982 - 1984 Canada spontaneous a.bortion, congenital defects magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, PC/TV monitor, occupational
McDonald AD et al. 1988 - women, children in utero, newborns 1982 - 1984 Canada spontaneous abortions, stillbirth, congenital defect, and low birth weight magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, PC/TV monitor, occupational
Auger N et al. 2011 - women, children in utero, newborns 1990 - 2004 Canada preterm birth, low birth weight, small-for-gestational-age birth, and infant sex magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential
Perry S et al. 1988 - men, women - UK pregnancy complications, cardiovascular diseases, all cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, depression, schizophrenia magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, inhouse wiring, residential
Lindbohm ML et al. 1992 case-control study women, children in utero 1975 - 1985 Finland spontaneous abortion magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, PC/TV monitor, occupational
Grasso P et al. 1997 case-control study women 1992 - 1995 Italy spontaneous abortion magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, PC/TV monitor, personal
Robert E et al. 1996 case-control study children in utero, newborns 1988 - 1991 France congenital anomaly magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential
Kurppa K et al. 1985 case-control study women, children in utero, newborns 1976 - 1982 Finland congenital malformations (defects of the central nervous system, orofacial clefts, skeletal defects, or cardiovascular malformations) magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, PC/TV monitor, occupational
Juutilainen J et al. 1993 case-control study women, children in utero 1984 - 1986 Finland early pregnancy loss magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, residential
Li DK et al. 1995 case-control study children in utero, newborns 1990 - 1991 USA congenital urinary tract anomalies magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, other domestic appliance, personal
Savitz DA et al. 1994 case-control study women, children in utero, newborns 1976 - 1983 USA miscarriage, low birth weight, preterm delivery magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential
Robert E 1993 case-control study women, children in utero, newborns 1988 - 1989 France birth defects: chromosomal aberrations, central nervous system anomalies, skeletal malformations, cardiac defects, facial clefts, hypospadias, anomalies of the digestive system, and anomalies of the urinary system magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential
Dlugosz L et al. 1992 case-control study women, children in utero, newborns 1988 - 1989 USA congenital defects magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, electric blanket, other domestic appliance, personal
Shaw GM et al. 1999 case-control study women, children in utero, newborns 1989 - 1991 USA neural tube defect and orofacial cleft magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, electric blanket, other domestic appliance, personal
Lee GM et al. 2002 case-control study women, children in utero March1990 - April 1991 USA miscarriage magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential, personal
Smith EM et al. 1997 case-control study women 1991 - 1992 USA female infertility magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, PC/TV monitor, occupational, also other exposures without EMF
Bryant HE et al. 1989 case-control study women, children in utero January 1984 - April 1985 Canada spontaneous abortion magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, PC/TV monitor, personal
Ericson A et al. 1986 case-control study women, children in utero, newborns 1980 - 1981 Sweden spontaneous abortions, stillbirths, early neonatal deaths (< 7 days age), birth weight, malformations magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, PC/TV monitor, occupational, also other exposures without EMF
Goldhaber MK et al. 1988 case-control study women, children in utero, newborns 1981 - 1982 USA miscarriages, birth defects magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, PC/TV monitor, occupational
Nurminen T et al. 1988 case-control study women, children in utero, newborns 1976 - 1982 Finland threatened abortion, length of gestation, birthweight, placental weight, and maternal blood pressure magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, PC/TV monitor, occupational
Blaasaas KG et al. 2004 case-control study children in utero, newborns 1980, January 1986 - August 1997 Norway birth defects: central nervous system defects, clubfoot, oesophageal defects, cardiac defects, respiratory system defects magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential
Gracia CR et al. 2005 case-control study men 1991 - 1997 USA male infertility magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, PC/TV monitor, EMF general, occupational, also other exposures without EMF, not extractable
Li DK et al. 2010 case-control study men, 18–45 years not stated China fertility (sperm quality: volume, pH, vitality, morphology, motility) magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, personal
Windham GC et al. 1990 case-control study women, children in utero, newborns 1986 - 1987 USA spontaneous abortion, low birthweight, and intrauterine growth retardation electric field, magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, PC/TV monitor, occupational
Nielsen CV et al. 1992 case-control study women, children in utero, newborns 1984 - 1985 Denmark low birthweight, preterm birth, infant mortality electric field, magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, PC/TV monitor, occupational
Malagoli C et al. 2012 case-control study women, children in utero, newborns 1998 - 2006 Italy birth defects magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential
Shamsi Mahmoudabadi F et al. 2013 case-control study women, children in utero, 18–35 years May - Dec 2012 Iran spontaneous abortion magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, residential
Brandt LP et al. 1990 case-control study women, children in utero, newborns 1984 - 1985 Denmark congenital malformations magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, PC/TV monitor, occupational
Sadeghi T et al. 2017 case-control study women, children in utero 2013 - 2014 Iran preterm birth, birth defect, newborn death power transmission line, 50/60 Hz, magnetic field, residential
Tikkanen J et al. 1990 case-control study women, children in utero, newborns 1982 - 1984 Finland cardiovascular malformations magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, PC/TV monitor, occupational
Esmailzadeh S et al. 2019 case-control study women, 16–44 years 2014 - 2016 Iran female infertility magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential
Schnorr TM et al. 1991 cohort study women, children in utero 1983 - 1986 USA spontaneous abortion magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, PC/TV monitor, occupational
Bracken MB et al. 1995 cohort study women, children in utero, newborns 1998 - 1991 USA birthweight and intrauterine growth retardation magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, PC/TV monitor, other domestic appliance, residential, personal
Irgens A et al. 1997 cohort study men, women, children in utero, newborns 1970 - 1993 Norway sex ratio, male proportion of offspring magnetic field, static magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, high volt./current device/welder, occupational
Belanger K et al. 1998 cohort study women 1988 - 1991 USA spontaneous abortion magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, electric blanket, other domestic appliance, residential, personal
Blaasaas KG et al. 2002 cohort study men, women, children in utero, newborns 1967 - 1995 Norway 24 different birth defects magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, occupational
Lee GM et al. 2000 cohort study women 1990 - 1991 USA spontaneous abortion magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, electric blanket, other domestic appliance, personal
Blaasaas KG et al. 2003 cohort study children in utero, newborns 1980 - 1997 Norway birth defects magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential
Ericson A et al. 1986 cohort study women, children in utero, newborns 1976 - 1977, 1980 Sweden spontaneous abortions, stillbirths, early neonatal deaths (< 7 days age), birth weight, malformations magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, PC/TV monitor, occupational
Fazzo L et al. 2009 cohort study men, women 1954 - 2003, follow-up January 1998 - December 2003 Italy leukemia and lymphoma, primary malignant neoplasms, neoplasms of the digestive organs, pancreas, thyroid gland, secondary and unspecified neoplasms, benign neoplasms, neurodegenerative diseases, ischaemic heart diseases, complications of pregnancy, perinatal diseases, disorders of thyroid gland magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential
Mahram M et al. 2013 cohort study women, children in utero, newborns 2011 Iran preterm delivery, duration of pregnancy, caesarean section, cause for caesarean section, birth weight and length, head circumference at birth, congenital abnormalities magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential
Wang Q et al. 2013 cohort study women, children in utero May 2010 - May 2012 China miscarriage magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, electrical substation, residential
de Vocht F et al. 2014 cohort study women, children in utero, newborns 2004 - 2008 UK preterm birth, spontaneous preterm birth, small for gestational age, low birthweight (< 2500g), birth weight electric field, magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, underground cable, electrical substation, residential
Eskelinen T et al. 2016 cohort study women, children in utero, 18–44 years 1990 - 1994 Finland time to pregnancy, birth weight and small for gestational age magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, underground cable, electrical substation, other domestic appliance, residential, personal
Li DK et al. 2017 cohort study women, children in utero, ≥ 18 years not stated USA miscarriage magnetic field, low frequency, 50/60 Hz
Migault L et al. 2018 cohort study women, children in utero, newborns 2011, follow-up at the child's age of 2 months France premature birth between 33 and 37 weeks of gestation, small for gestational age magnetic field, low frequency, 50/60 Hz, occupational, residential
Ren Y et al. 2019 cohort study women, children in utero, newborns 2012 China fetal growth: birth weight, skinfold thickness of back, triceps and abdomen, circumference of head, upper arm and abdomen magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, low frequency, personal