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UMTS base station

Belongs to:
Base station
Description:

For UMTS, two different duplex methods are possible: FDD (frequency division duplex) and TDD (time division duplex).

UMTS-FDD is commonly known as the ordinary UMTS. Thereby a mobile phone and base station transmit data at different frequencies.
The "satellite service" frequencies are used for the communication between base station and satellite.

The UMTS-TDD mode is not commercially used in Germany, and is technically more complex than the FDD mode, as with a moving mobile phone, synchronization is more difficult because Uplink- and Downlink are transmitted seperately. Thus, this mode is often used for stationary data transmission.

The measurement data listed below refer to the FDD mode.

Frequency ranges:
  • 1,920–1,980 MHz (uplink in the UMTS I frequency band)
  • 1,980–2,010 MHz (satellite service uplink)
  • 2,110–2,170 MHz (downlink in the UMTS I frequency band)
  • 2,170–2,200 MHz (satellite service downlink)
Type of field:
electromagnetic

Measurements (acc. to literature)

underground
Measurand Value Feature Remarks
electric field strength 0.06–0.07 V/m - on the platform during peak hours [1]
electric field strength 0.06–0.09 V/m (measured) - while moving between two stations during off-peak hours [1]
urban area
Measurand Value Feature Remarks
electric field strength 0.03 V/m (maximum, measured) - out of 41 measuring sights in rural areas [2]
electric field strength 0.03–0.16 V/m (measured) - at two- to three-storied buildings in the non-central residential area of Amsterdam (5-10 base stations within 500 m of a 1.9 - 2.2 km long measurement path) [4]
electric field strength 0.04–0.07 V/m (measured) - at two- to three-storied buildings in the non-central residential area of Basel (>10 base stations within 500 m of the 2 - 2.3 km long measurement path) [4]
electric field strength 0.09 V/m (measured) - at four- to five-storied buildings in the central residential area of Basel (>10 base stations within 500 m of a 2.3 km long measurement path) [4]
electric field strength 0.1 V/m (measured) - in downtown Basel (>10 base stations within 500 m of a 2.1 km long measurement path) [4]
electric field strength 0.1 V/m (measured) - in the business area of Basel (>10 base stations within 500 m of a 2.2 km long measurement path) [4]
electric field strength 0.12 V/m (measured) - at four- to five-storied buildings in the central residential area of Amsterdam (>10 base stations within 500 m of a 1.7 km long measurement path) [4]
electric field strength 0.16 V/m (measured) - in the business area of Amsterdam (>10 base stations within 500 m of a 2 km long measurement path) [4]
electric field strength 0.17 V/m (measured) - in downtown Amsterdam (> 10 base stations within 500 m or a 2 km measurement path) [4]
electric field strength 1.03 V/m (maximum, measured) - out of 40 measuring sights [8]
electric field strength 1.23 V/m (maximum, measured) - out of 50 measuring sights in suburban areas [2]
electric field strength 1.41 V/m (maximum, measured) - out of 311 measuring sites [2]
electric field strength 1.41 V/m (maximum, measured) - out of 77 measuring sights in urban areas [2]
power density 2.82 mW/m² (maximum, measured) - out of 40 measuring sights [8]
power density 1,200 W/m² (measured) - in urban areas of Sweden; measurements comprise both GSM (900 and 1800) and UMTS [11]
power density 5,400 µW/m² (measured) - in the capital of Sweden (Stockholm); measurements comprise both GSM (900 and 1800) and UMTS [11]
suburban area
Measurand Value Feature Remarks
electric field strength 0.03 V/m (maximum, measured) - averaged maximum value measured at 13 different locations within a building in a suburban area in Greece [3]
electric field strength 0.12 V/m (mean, measured) - mean exposure of 40 different loactions within various buildings in Greece; per location 11 measurements were performed: three in the center of the room at different heights (1.1 m, 1.5 m, 1.7 m), four in the corners of the room at a distance of 1 m from the center and a height of 1 m, three next to the window and one at the position of the maximum electric field. [3]
electric field strength 0.16 V/m (maximum, measured) - averaged maximum value measured at 27 different locations within a building in an urban area in Greece [3]
electric field strength 0.28 V/m (maximum, measured) - averaged maximum exposure of 40 different loactions within various buildings in Greece; per location 11 measurements were performed: three in the center of the room at different heights (1.1 m, 1.5 m, 1.7 m), four in the corners of the room at a distance of 1 m from the center and a height of 1 m, three next to the window and one at the position of the maximum electric field. [3]
within a building
Measurand Value Feature Remarks
electric field strength 0.04 V/m (mean, measured) - at offices in Belgium [5]
electric field strength 0.05 V/m (mean, measured) - at homes in Belgium [5]
electric field strength 0.06 V/m (mean, measured) - at homes in Greece [5]
electric field strength 0.28 V/m (mean, measured) - at offices in Greece [5]
at the office
Measurand Value Feature Remarks
electric field strength 0.05–0.53 V/m (measured) - - [6]
different areas
Measurand Value Feature Remarks
electric field strength 0.5 V/m (mean, measured) - at different locations [7]
power density 0.89 µW/m² (mean, measured) - arithmetic mean value out of 130 measuring sights in 2006 [10]
power density 2.31 µW/m² (mean, measured) - arithmetic mean value out of 130 measuring sights in 2009 [10]
computer model
Measurand Value Feature Remarks
electric field strength 22.3 V/m (simulated) - at a distance of 600 mm [9]
electric field strength 31.4 V/m (simulated) - at a distance of 300 mm [9]
electric field strength 49.9 V/m (simulated) - at a distance of 100 mm [9]
electric field strength 80.9 V/m (simulated) - at a distance of 10 mm [9]
SAR 0.546 µW/kg (maximum, calculated) - whole-body SAR of 1-year-old child [12]
SAR 0.045 W/kg (simulated) - at a distance of 600 mm, averaged over 10 g [9]
SAR 0.241 W/kg (simulated) - at a distance of 100 mm, averaged over 10 g [9]
SAR 0.474 W/kg (simulated) - at a distance of 10 mm, averaged over 10 g [9]
Measurand Value Feature Remarks
power density 2.09 µW/m² (measured) - averaged over 213 measurement points in 2009 [10]
SAR 73 µW/kg (maximum, measured) - averaged over 1 g of tissue in the brain [13]
rural area
Measurand Value Feature Remarks
power density 200 µW/m² (measured) - in urban areas of Sweden; measurements comprise both GSM (900 and 1800) and UMTS [11]
indoor
Measurand Value Feature Remarks
SAR 320 µW/kg (maximum, calculated) - peak spatial; whole body SAR averaged over 1g of tissue for a man (80 kg) [13]
SAR 0.8191 W/kg (maximum, calculated) - antenna placed 15 cm (60 cm above ground) in front of heterogeneous phantom model, averaged over 10 g [14]
outdoor
Measurand Value Feature Remarks
SAR 0.062 W/kg (measured) - at a distance of 300 mm, averaged over 10 g [9]

References

  1. Gryz K et al. (2015): Radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation exposure inside the metro tube infrastructure in Warszawa
  2. Joseph W et al. (2012): Assessment of RF exposures from emerging wireless communication technologies in different environments
  3. Markakis I et al. (2013): Radiofrequency exposure in Greek indoor environments
  4. Urbinello D et al. (2014): Use of portable exposure meters for comparing mobile phone base station radiation in different types of areas in the cities of Basel and Amsterdam
  5. Vermeeren G et al. (2013): Spatial And Temporal RF Electromagnetic Field Exposure Of Children And Adults In Indoor Micro Environments In Belgium And Greece
  6. Heinrich S et al. (2007): [Electromagnetic fields of a UMTS mobile phone base station and possible effects on health - results from an experimental field study]
  7. Joseph W et al. (2010): Assessment of general public exposure to LTE and RF sources present in an urban environment
  8. Joseph W et al. (2012): In situ LTE exposure of the general public: Characterization and extrapolation
  9. Kos B et al. (2011): Exposure assessment in front of a multi-band base station antenna
  10. Tomitsch J et al. (2012): Trends in residential exposure to electromagnetic fields from 2006 to 2009
  11. Estenberg J et al. (2014): Extensive frequency selective measurements of radiofrequency fields in outdoor environments performed with a novel mobile monitoring system
  12. Joseph W et al. (2010): Estimation of whole-body SAR from electromagnetic fields using personal exposure meters
  13. Regel SJ et al. (2006): UMTS base station-like exposure, well-being, and cognitive performance
  14. Lacroux F et al. (2008): Specific absorption rate assessment near a base-station antenna (2,140 MHz): some key points