Biomedical concerns in wireless communications review

Endpoint

• genotoxicity/mutation: DNA damage (chromosome aberration, micronucleus formation, sister chromatid exchange)
• cell transformation: ornithine decarboxylase activity; c-myc, c-fos expression
• cell viability/cell division/proliferation: calcium flux in neural cells; changes in cell cycle, proliferation
• cancer: tumor incidence, tumor promotion, survival
• effects on embryo/fetus: fetal weight
• effects on the immune system: cytotoxicity of lymphocytes
• endocrine changes: corticosterone, thyroxine level
• effects on the neurological system: EEG; blood brain barrier permeability
• cognitive/behavioral endpoints: learning, behaviour
• thermoregulation: peripheral and body temperature
• epidemiology: mortality, morbidity
• dosimetry/technology: evaluation of specific absorption rate
• effects on the cornea, retina, lens (cataract)

Exposure

• • 2.45 GHz
  • electric field
  • magnetic field
  • low frequency
  • RF field
  • microwaves
• • TDMA
  • CW continuous wave
  • PW pulsed wave
  • mobile communications
  • mobile phone base station
  • MRI