Epidemiological studies of low and radio frequency exposure on children's health comprise the following studies:
Authors | Year | Study type | Study group | Observation period | Study location | Endpoints | Parameters |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kuijten RR et al. | 1992 | case-control study | children, 0–14 years | 1980 - 1986 | USA | astrocytoma | electric field, magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, occupational, also other exposures without EMF |
Draper G et al. | 2005 | case-control study | children, 0–14 years | 1962-1995 | UK | childhood leukemia, childhood brain/CNS tumor, other childhood cancer | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential |
Wilkins 3rd JR et al. | 1988 | case-control study | men, women, children, 0–19 years | 1959 - 1978 | USA | childhood brain/CNS tumor | electric field, magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, occupational |
Pearce MS et al. | 2007 | case-control study | men, women, children, 0–25 years | 1968 - 2000 | UK | childhood leukemia, childhood brain/CNS tumor, retinoblastoma, renal tumor, hepatic tumor, malignant bone tumor, soft tissue sarcoma, germ cell neoplasm | electric field, magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, occupational, also other exposures without EMF |
Li P et al. | 2009 | case-control study | children, children in utero, 0–14 years | 1982 - 2002 | Canada | astroglial tumor, primitive neuroectodermal tumor, ependymoma, other gliomas and other intracranial neoplasms | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, occupational |
McKean-Cowdin R et al. | 1998 | case-control study | men, women, children, 0–18 years | 1984 - 1991 | USA | astroglial tumor, primitive neuroectodermal tumors | electric field, low frequency, electrical substation, 50/60 Hz, occupational, also other exposures without EMF |
Hug K et al. | 2010 | case-control study | children, 0–14 years | July 1988 - June 1993, October 1992 - September 1994 | Germany | acute leukemia, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, CNS tumor, neuroblastoma, Wilms tumor, bone tumor, and soft tissue sarcoma | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, occupational |
Cordier S et al. | 2001 | case-control study | children | 1976 - 1994 | Australia, Israel, France, Italy, Spain, USA | astroglial tumor, primitive neuroectodermal tumor, other glial tumors | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, occupational, also other exposures without EMF |
Saito T et al. | 2010 | case-control study | children, 0–14 years | May 1999 - September 2002 | Japan | childhood brain/CNS tumor | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential |
Kroll ME et al. | 2010 | case-control study | children, 0–14 years | 1962-1995 | UK | childhood leukemia, childhood brain/CNS tumor, other childhood cancer | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential |
Bunch KJ et al. | 2014 | case-control study | children, 0–14 years | 1962 - 2008 | UK | childhood leukemia, childhood brain/CNS tumor, other solid tumors | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential |
Swanson J et al. | 2014 | case-control study | children, 0–14 years | 1962 - 2008 | UK | childhood leukemia, childhood brain/CNS tumor, other childhood cancer | electric field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential, also other exposures without EMF, co-exposure |
Bunch KJ et al. | 2015 | case-control study | children, 0–14 years | 1962 - 2008 | UK | childhood leukemia, childhood brain/CNS tumor, other childhood cancer | magnetic field, static magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, DC, underground cable, high-voltage direct current (HVDC), residential |
Pedersen C et al. | 2015 | case-control study | children, 0–14 years | 1968 - 2003 | Denmark | childhood leukemia, childhood lymphoma, childhood brain/CNS tumor | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, underground cable, electrical substation, residential |
Crespi CM et al. | 2016 | case-control study | children, 0–15 years | 1986 - 2008 | USA | childhood leukemia, childhood brain/CNS tumor | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential |
Bunch KJ et al. | 2016 | case-control study | children, 0–14 years | 1962 - 2008 | UK | lymphoid leukemia and acute myeloid leukemia, childhood brain/CNS tumor, other childhood cancer | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential |
Castaño-Vinyals G et al. | 2021 | case-control study | men, women, children, 10–24 years | 2010 - 2015 | Australia, Austria, Canada, France, Germany, Greece, India, Israel, Italy, Japan, Korea, the Netherlands, New Zealand and Spain | neuroepithelial brain tumors (e.g. glioma, embryonal brain tumor) | mobile communications, mobile phone, cordless phone, RF field, low frequency |
Feychting M et al. | 2000 | cohort study | children, 0–14 years | 1976 - 1993 | Sweden | childhood leukemia, childhood brain/CNS tumor, all childhood cancer | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, occupational |
Verkasalo PK et al. | 1993 | cohort study | children, 0–19 years | 1970 - 1989 | Finland | childhood leukemia, childhood lymphoma, central nervous system tumor, other childhood cancer | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential |
Auger N et al. | 2019 | cohort study | children, children in utero, newborns, 0–11 years | 2006 - 2017 | Canada | childhood leukemia, childhood lymphoma, childhood brain/CNS tumor, solide tumors | power transmission line, electrical substation, 50/60 Hz, electric field, magnetic field, residential |
Meinert R et al. | 1996 | meta-analysis | children, 0–19 years | - | USA, UK, Sweden, Finland, Denmark, Greece, Mexico | childhood leukemia, childhood lymphoma, childhood brain/CNS tumor, other childhood cancer, all childhood cancer | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential |
Mezei G et al. | 2008 | meta-analysis | children, 0–20 years | 1950 - 2002 | USA, Sweden, Norway, Finland, Denmark, UK, Germany, Taiwan, Japan | childhood brain/CNS tumor | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential |
Zhang Y et al. | 2016 | meta-analysis | men, women, children | 1960 - 2009 | USA, Canada, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, France, Italy, Germany, UK, Japan, China, New Zealand, Brazil, Iran | leukemia and lymphoma, brain tumor, breast cancer, other cancer, childhood leukemia, childhood brain/CNS tumor | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Su L et al. | 2018 | meta-analysis | children, children in utero, 0–20 years | 1942 - 2006 | - | childhood nervous system tumors including CNS tumor and neuroblastoma | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, occupational |
Seomun G et al. | 2021 | meta-analysis | children, 0–19 years | 1960 - 2009 | UK, Germany, Denmark, Sweden, Finland, Norway, Italy, New Zealand, Canada, USA, Japan, Iran, Brazil, Czech Republic, Malaysia | childhood leukemia, childhood brain/CNS tumor, other childhood cancer | magnetic field, low frequency, power transmission line, 50/60 Hz |
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