Epidemiological studies of low and radio frequency exposure on children's health comprise the following studies:
Authors | Year | Study type | Study group | Observation period | Study location | Endpoints | Parameters |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bhatt CR et al. | 2017 | cohort study | children, 9–11 years | 2010 - 2012, follow-up 2012 - 2013 | Australia | cognitive function | mobile communications, mobile phone, cordless phone |
Brzozek C et al. | 2019 | reanalysis | children, 9–11 years | 2011 - 2013 | Australia | cognitive function | mobile communications, mobile phone |
Zheng F et al. | 2015 | cross-sectional study | children, 9–12 years | October 2011 - May 2012 | China | headache, dizziness, fatigue, feeling low, heart beating fast, sleep disturbances | mobile phone, mobile communications |
Cabré-Riera A et al. | 2022 | - | children, 9–12 years | not stated | the Netherlands and Spain | problems with initiating and maintaining sleep, excessive somnolence, sleep arousal problems, sleep quality, restfulness, total sleep time, sleep efficiency, sleep onset latency and wake after sleep onset | mobile communications, mobile phone, mobile phone base station, RF field, DECT, Radio/TV transmitter, W-LAN/WiFi, laptop/tablet |
Cabré-Riera A et al. | 2021 | cross-sectional study | children, 9–18 years | - | Netherlands | cognitive function: non-verbal intelligence, information processing speed, attentional function, visual attention, cognitive flexibility, working memory, and semantic fluency | mobile communications, mobile phone, mobile phone base station, DECT, W-LAN/WiFi, Radio/TV transmitter, laptop/tablet |
Bektas H et al. | 2022 | - | children, children in utero | - | Turkey | general motor movements | mobile communications, mobile phone |
Danzer E et al. | 2023 | - | children, children in utero | 2012 - 2019 | USA | neurodevelopment | MRI |
Baker PN et al. | 1994 | cross-sectional study | children, children in utero, 0–3 years | - | UK | reproductive effects and pregnancy outcomes, others | MRI |
Zarei S et al. | 2015 | case-control study | children, children in utero, 3–5 years | 2014 | Iran | speech problems | mobile phone, mobile phone base station, mobile communications, cordless phone, W-LAN/WiFi, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, PC/TV monitor, other domestic appliance |
Sudan M et al. | 2018 | - | children, children in utero, 4–6 years | - | Denmark, Spain, Korea | cognitive function | mobile communications, mobile phone |
Birks L et al. | 2017 | cohort study | children, children in utero, 5–7 years | 1996 - 2011 | Denmark, Netherlands, Korea, Norway, and Spain | overall behavioral problems, hyperactivity/inattention problems and emotional problems | mobile communications, mobile phone |
Divan HA et al. | 2008 | cohort study | children, children in utero, 7 years | November 2006 | Denmark | behavioral problems: conduct, hyperactivity, emotional, peer and social disorders | mobile communications, digital mobile phone, personal |
Divan HA et al. | 2012 | cohort study | children, children in utero, 7 years | December 2008 | Denmark | behavioural problems | mobile communications, mobile phone, personal |
Kok RD et al. | 2004 | - | children, children in utero, newborns, 0–9 years | 1998 - 2000 | The Netherlands | birth weight, gestational age at birth, type of delivery, and arterial pH at birth, neurological evaluation (functioning of eyes and ears), gross and fine motor functioning, social development and communication | MRI |
Sudan M et al. | 2012 | cohort study | children, children in utero, ≥ 7 years | until April 2010 | Denmark | migraine, headaches, headache-related symptoms (stomach aches or sickness) | mobile phone, mobile communications, personal |
Guxens M et al. | 2013 | cohort study | children, ≥ 5 years | 2003 - 2011 | The Netherlands | behavior problems | mobile phone, GSM, mobile communications, cordless phone, personal |
Dolk H et al. | 1997 | ecological study | men, women, children | 1974 - 1986 | Great Britain | acute leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, acute lymphatic leukemia, chronic myeloid leukemia, chronic lymphatic leukemia, brain tumor, skin melanoma, bladder cancer, childhood leukemia, childhood brain/CNS tumor | TV broadcast (VHF/UHF), FM broadcast (UKW), residential |
Dolk H et al. | 1997 | ecological study | men, women, children | 1974 - 1986 | Great Britain | acute leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, acute lymphatic leukemia, chronic myeloid leukemia, chronic lymphatic leukemia, benign and malignant brain tumors, in women and men, lung cancer, colorectal cancer, stomach cancer, prostate cancer, bladder cancer, skin melanoma, eye melanoma, childhood leukemia, other childhood cancer | TV broadcast (VHF/UHF), FM broadcast (UKW), residential |
Preece AW et al. | 2007 | survey | men, women, children | 2001 | Cyprus | all cancer, all childhood cancer, reproductive history, sex ratio, congenital abnormalities, specific illnesses such as diabetes, migraine; childhood illnesses, mortality, general health, risk perception | RF field, residential |
Taziki Balajelini MH et al. | 2022 | - | men, women, children | - | Sweden, Finland, Denmark, Spain und Brazil | hearing impairment | mobile communications, mobile phone |
Felix OK et al. | 2014 | - | men, women, children | not stated | Nigeria | health effects (e.g., headache, loss of appetite), sleep disturbances | mobile communications, mobile phone base station, GSM |
Carlberg M et al. | 2016 | - | men, women, children, 0–80 years | 1970 - 2013 | Sweden, Denmark, Finland, Norway and Iceland | thyroid cancer | mobile phone, mobile communications, cordless phone, also other exposures without EMF |
Mortazavi SMJ et al. | 2018 | - | men, women, children, 11–79 years | not stated | Iran | subjective symptoms (e.g., headache, vertigo, myalgia, palpitation, fatigue, tinnitus, concentration problem, attention problem, nervousness, back pain and toothache), sleep disturbances | mobile communications, mobile phone base station, residential |
Schoeni A et al. | 2016 | cohort study | men, women, children, 12–17 years | 2012 - 2013, follow-up 1 year later | Switzerland | headache, tiredness, lack of concentration, exhaustibility, lack of energy and physical ill-being | mobile phone base station, mobile communications, Radio/TV transmitter, residential |
Roser K et al. | 2016 | cohort study | men, women, children, 12–17 years | 2012 - 2013, follow-up 2014 | Switzerland | behavioral problems (emotional problems, conduct problems, hyperactivity/inattention, peer relationship problems and prosocial behavior) and concentration capacity (homogeneity, power and accuracy) | mobile phone, mobile phone base station, GSM, UMTS, mobile communications, cordless phone, W-LAN/WiFi, Radio/TV transmitter, residential, personal |
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