Epidemiological studies of low and radio frequency exposure on children's health comprise the following studies:
Authors | Year | Study type | Study group | Observation period | Study location | Endpoints | Parameters |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Robert E et al. | 1996 | case-control study | children in utero, newborns | 1988 - 1991 | France | congenital anomaly | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential |
Li DK et al. | 1995 | case-control study | children in utero, newborns | 1990 - 1991 | USA | congenital urinary tract anomalies | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, other domestic appliance, personal |
Blaasaas KG et al. | 2003 | cohort study | children in utero, newborns | 1980 - 1997 | Norway | birth defects | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential |
Blaasaas KG et al. | 2004 | case-control study | children in utero, newborns | 1980, January 1986 - August 1997 | Norway | birth defects: central nervous system defects, clubfoot, oesophageal defects, cardiac defects, respiratory system defects | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential |
Strizek B et al. | 2015 | case-control study | children in utero, newborns | 2008 - 2012 | Belgium | birth weight | MRI, also other exposures without EMF |
Sato Y et al. | 2020 | ecological study | children in utero, newborns | 2009, 2014 | Japan | spontaneous fetal death rate, fetal death rate after the 22nd week of pregnancy, perinatal mortality rate and proportion of newborns weighing less than 2500 g | magnetic field, intermediate frequency, induction cooker |
Baker PN et al. | 1994 | cross-sectional study | children, children in utero, 0–3 years | - | UK | reproductive effects and pregnancy outcomes, others | MRI |
Kok RD et al. | 2004 | - | children, children in utero, newborns, 0–9 years | 1998 - 2000 | The Netherlands | birth weight, gestational age at birth, type of delivery, and arterial pH at birth, neurological evaluation (functioning of eyes and ears), gross and fine motor functioning, social development and communication | MRI |
Nordström S et al. | 1983 | - | men, children in utero, newborns | 1953 - 1979 | Sweden | spontaneous abortion, perinatal death (stillbirth and deaths before 7 days of age), congenital malformation | electric field, magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, electrical substation, occupational |
Törnqvist S | 1998 | cohort study | men, children in utero, newborns | 1973 - 1995 | Sweden | all childhood cancer, multiple births, birth weight, sex, survival, and congenital malformations | electric field, magnetic field, electrical substation, occupational |
Irgens A et al. | 1997 | cohort study | men, women, children in utero, newborns | 1970 - 1993 | Norway | sex ratio, male proportion of offspring | magnetic field, static magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, high volt./current device/welder, occupational |
Blaasaas KG et al. | 2002 | cohort study | men, women, children in utero, newborns | 1967 - 1995 | Norway | 24 different birth defects | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, occupational |
Schnorr TM et al. | 1991 | cohort study | women, children in utero | 1983 - 1986 | USA | spontaneous abortion | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, PC/TV monitor, occupational |
Lindbohm ML et al. | 1992 | case-control study | women, children in utero | 1975 - 1985 | Finland | spontaneous abortion | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, PC/TV monitor, occupational |
Juutilainen J et al. | 1993 | case-control study | women, children in utero | 1984 - 1986 | Finland | early pregnancy loss | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, residential |
Lee GM et al. | 2002 | case-control study | women, children in utero | March1990 - April 1991 | USA | miscarriage | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential, personal |
Li DK et al. | 2002 | cohort study, prospective cohort study | women, children in utero | October 1996 - October 1998 | USA | miscarriage | magnetic field, low frequency, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, other domestic appliance, occupational, residential, personal |
Bryant HE et al. | 1989 | case-control study | women, children in utero | January 1984 - April 1985 | Canada | spontaneous abortion | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, PC/TV monitor, personal |
Myers C et al. | 1998 | - | women, children in utero | not stated | UK | gestational age at delivery, APGAR scores at 1 and 5 min, admission to the neonatal unit, method of delivery, birthweight and individualized birthweight ratio | MRI |
Auger N et al. | 2012 | cohort study, retrospective cohort study | women, children in utero | 1998 - 2007 | Canada | stillbirth | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential |
Wang Q et al. | 2013 | cohort study | women, children in utero | May 2010 - May 2012 | China | miscarriage | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, electrical substation, residential |
Tan TC et al. | 2014 | case-control study | women, children in utero | November 2010 - February 2011 | Singapore | threatened miscarriage | mobile phone, mobile communications, other domestic appliance, personal |
Zhou LY et al. | 2017 | cross-sectional study | women, children in utero | January 2000 - December 2013 | China | spontaneous abortion | mobile phone, mobile phone base station, mobile communications, microw. oven/heating device, induction cooker, electric blanket, residential, personal, also other exposures without EMF |
Sadeghi T et al. | 2017 | case-control study | women, children in utero | 2013 - 2014 | Iran | preterm birth, birth defect, newborn death | power transmission line, 50/60 Hz, magnetic field, residential |
Irani M et al. | 2023 | meta-analysis | women, children in utero | - | Iran, USA | miscarriage | mobile communications, mobile phone, low frequency, EMF general, also other exposures without EMF, occupational |
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