Study overviews

Epidemiological studies of low and radio frequency exposure on children's health comprise the following studies:

Epidemiological studies on the effects of low and radio frequency on children

337 studies in total
  1. Leukemia
    134 studies
  2. Other health effects
    89 studies
  3. Pregnancy outcomes
    88 studies
  4. Brain/CNS tumor
    68 studies
  5. Other types of cancer
    32 studies
  6. Lymphoma
    20 studies
  7. Cancer (unspecified)
    19 studies

Pregnancy outcomes

88 studies in total
  1. Low frequency
    68 studies
  2. Radio frequency
    33 studies
  3. DC and static fields
    one study

Low frequency 68 studies in total

List view
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Authors Year Study type Study group Observation period Study location Endpoints Parameters
Authors Year Study type Study group Observation period Study location Endpoints Parameters
Robert E et al. 1996 case-control study children in utero, newborns 1988 - 1991 France congenital anomaly magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential
Li DK et al. 1995 case-control study children in utero, newborns 1990 - 1991 USA congenital urinary tract anomalies magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, other domestic appliance, personal
Blaasaas KG et al. 2003 cohort study children in utero, newborns 1980 - 1997 Norway birth defects magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential
Blaasaas KG et al. 2004 case-control study children in utero, newborns 1980, January 1986 - August 1997 Norway birth defects: central nervous system defects, clubfoot, oesophageal defects, cardiac defects, respiratory system defects magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential
Strizek B et al. 2015 case-control study children in utero, newborns 2008 - 2012 Belgium birth weight MRI, also other exposures without EMF
Sato Y et al. 2020 ecological study children in utero, newborns 2009, 2014 Japan spontaneous fetal death rate, fetal death rate after the 22nd week of pregnancy, perinatal mortality rate and proportion of newborns weighing less than 2500 g magnetic field, intermediate frequency, induction cooker
Baker PN et al. 1994 cross-sectional study children, children in utero, 0–3 years - UK reproductive effects and pregnancy outcomes, others MRI
Kok RD et al. 2004 - children, children in utero, newborns, 0–9 years 1998 - 2000 The Netherlands birth weight, gestational age at birth, type of delivery, and arterial pH at birth, neurological evaluation (functioning of eyes and ears), gross and fine motor functioning, social development and communication MRI
Nordström S et al. 1983 - men, children in utero, newborns 1953 - 1979 Sweden spontaneous abortion, perinatal death (stillbirth and deaths before 7 days of age), congenital malformation electric field, magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, electrical substation, occupational
Törnqvist S 1998 cohort study men, children in utero, newborns 1973 - 1995 Sweden all childhood cancer, multiple births, birth weight, sex, survival, and congenital malformations electric field, magnetic field, electrical substation, occupational
Irgens A et al. 1997 cohort study men, women, children in utero, newborns 1970 - 1993 Norway sex ratio, male proportion of offspring magnetic field, static magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, high volt./current device/welder, occupational
Blaasaas KG et al. 2002 cohort study men, women, children in utero, newborns 1967 - 1995 Norway 24 different birth defects magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, occupational
Schnorr TM et al. 1991 cohort study women, children in utero 1983 - 1986 USA spontaneous abortion magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, PC/TV monitor, occupational
Lindbohm ML et al. 1992 case-control study women, children in utero 1975 - 1985 Finland spontaneous abortion magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, PC/TV monitor, occupational
Juutilainen J et al. 1993 case-control study women, children in utero 1984 - 1986 Finland early pregnancy loss magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, residential
Lee GM et al. 2002 case-control study women, children in utero March1990 - April 1991 USA miscarriage magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential, personal
Li DK et al. 2002 cohort study, prospective cohort study women, children in utero October 1996 - October 1998 USA miscarriage magnetic field, low frequency, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, other domestic appliance, occupational, residential, personal
Bryant HE et al. 1989 case-control study women, children in utero January 1984 - April 1985 Canada spontaneous abortion magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, PC/TV monitor, personal
Myers C et al. 1998 - women, children in utero not stated UK gestational age at delivery, APGAR scores at 1 and 5 min, admission to the neonatal unit, method of delivery, birthweight and individualized birthweight ratio MRI
Auger N et al. 2012 cohort study, retrospective cohort study women, children in utero 1998 - 2007 Canada stillbirth magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential
Wang Q et al. 2013 cohort study women, children in utero May 2010 - May 2012 China miscarriage magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, electrical substation, residential
Tan TC et al. 2014 case-control study women, children in utero November 2010 - February 2011 Singapore threatened miscarriage mobile phone, mobile communications, other domestic appliance, personal
Zhou LY et al. 2017 cross-sectional study women, children in utero January 2000 - December 2013 China spontaneous abortion mobile phone, mobile phone base station, mobile communications, microw. oven/heating device, induction cooker, electric blanket, residential, personal, also other exposures without EMF
Sadeghi T et al. 2017 case-control study women, children in utero 2013 - 2014 Iran preterm birth, birth defect, newborn death power transmission line, 50/60 Hz, magnetic field, residential
Irani M et al. 2023 meta-analysis women, children in utero - Iran, USA miscarriage mobile communications, mobile phone, low frequency, EMF general, also other exposures without EMF, occupational
Ray JG et al. 2016 cohort study women, children in utero, 16–49 years 2003 - 2015 Canada stillbirth, neonatal death within 28 days of birth, congenital anomaly, neoplasm, hearing or vision loss MRI
Shamsi Mahmoudabadi F et al. 2013 case-control study women, children in utero, 18–35 years May - Dec 2012 Iran spontaneous abortion magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, residential
Khan MW et al. 2018 preliminary study women, children in utero, 18–40 years 2008 - 2015 Finland miscarriage, reduced birth weight, smallness for gestational age and preterm birth EAS/RFID, magnetic field, static magnetic field, low frequency, intermediate frequency, co-exposure, occupational
Eskelinen T et al. 2016 cohort study women, children in utero, 18–44 years 1990 - 1994 Finland time to pregnancy, birth weight and small for gestational age magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, underground cable, electrical substation, other domestic appliance, residential, personal
Ingle ME et al. 2020 cohort study women, children in utero, 18–46 years 2012 - 2018 USA implantation, clinical pregnancy, live birth and pregnancy loss magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, low frequency, personal
Grajewski B et al. 1997 cross-sectional study women, children in utero, newborns 1983 - 1986 USA reduced birthweight and preterm birth magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, PC/TV monitor, intermediate frequency, occupational
Bracken MB et al. 1995 cohort study women, children in utero, newborns 1998 - 1991 USA birthweight and intrauterine growth retardation magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, PC/TV monitor, other domestic appliance, residential, personal
Parazzini F et al. 1993 meta-analysis women, children in utero, newborns 1976 - 1987 USA, Canada, Sweden, Denmark, Finland miscarriage, low birth weight, and congenital malformation magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, PC/TV monitor, occupational
Kurppa K et al. 1985 case-control study women, children in utero, newborns 1976 - 1982 Finland congenital malformations (defects of the central nervous system, orofacial clefts, skeletal defects, or cardiovascular malformations) magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, PC/TV monitor, occupational
Wertheimer N et al. 1986 - women, children in utero, newborns 1975 - 1981 USA abortion, congenital malformation, birth weight, gestation period electric field, magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, other domestic appliance, personal
Savitz DA et al. 1994 case-control study women, children in utero, newborns 1976 - 1983 USA miscarriage, low birth weight, preterm delivery magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential
Robert E 1993 case-control study women, children in utero, newborns 1988 - 1989 France birth defects: chromosomal aberrations, central nervous system anomalies, skeletal malformations, cardiac defects, facial clefts, hypospadias, anomalies of the digestive system, and anomalies of the urinary system magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential
Dlugosz L et al. 1992 case-control study women, children in utero, newborns 1988 - 1989 USA congenital defects magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, electric blanket, other domestic appliance, personal
Shaw GM et al. 1999 case-control study women, children in utero, newborns 1989 - 1991 USA neural tube defect and orofacial cleft magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, electric blanket, other domestic appliance, personal
Ericson A et al. 1986 case-control study women, children in utero, newborns 1980 - 1981 Sweden spontaneous abortions, stillbirths, early neonatal deaths (< 7 days age), birth weight, malformations magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, PC/TV monitor, occupational, also other exposures without EMF
Ericson A et al. 1986 cohort study women, children in utero, newborns 1976 - 1977, 1980 Sweden spontaneous abortions, stillbirths, early neonatal deaths (< 7 days age), birth weight, malformations magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, PC/TV monitor, occupational
Goldhaber MK et al. 1988 case-control study women, children in utero, newborns 1981 - 1982 USA miscarriages, birth defects magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, PC/TV monitor, occupational
Kanal E et al. 1993 - women, children in utero, newborns 1990 USA live birth, miscarriage, infertility, preterm delivery, gender of the offspring, and birth weight RF field, magnetic field, static magnetic field, DC, MRI, occupational
McDonald AD et al. 1986 - women, children in utero, newborns 1982 - 1984 Canada spontaneous a.bortion, congenital defects magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, PC/TV monitor, occupational
McDonald AD et al. 1988 - women, children in utero, newborns 1982 - 1984 Canada spontaneous abortions, stillbirth, congenital defect, and low birth weight magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, PC/TV monitor, occupational
Nurminen T et al. 1988 case-control study women, children in utero, newborns 1976 - 1982 Finland threatened abortion, length of gestation, birthweight, placental weight, and maternal blood pressure magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, PC/TV monitor, occupational
Auger N et al. 2011 - women, children in utero, newborns 1990 - 2004 Canada preterm birth, low birth weight, small-for-gestational-age birth, and infant sex magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential
Windham GC et al. 1990 case-control study women, children in utero, newborns 1986 - 1987 USA spontaneous abortion, low birthweight, and intrauterine growth retardation electric field, magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, PC/TV monitor, occupational
Nielsen CV et al. 1992 case-control study women, children in utero, newborns 1984 - 1985 Denmark low birthweight, preterm birth, infant mortality electric field, magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, PC/TV monitor, occupational
Malagoli C et al. 2012 case-control study women, children in utero, newborns 1998 - 2006 Italy birth defects magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential