Epidemiological studies of low and radio frequency exposure on children's health comprise the following studies:
Authors | Year | Study type | Study group | Observation period | Study location | Endpoints | Parameters |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Blaasaas KG et al. | 2002 | cohort study | men, women, children in utero, newborns | 1967 - 1995 | Norway | 24 different birth defects | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, occupational |
Wertheimer N et al. | 1986 | - | women, children in utero, newborns | 1975 - 1981 | USA | abortion, congenital malformation, birth weight, gestation period | electric field, magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, other domestic appliance, personal |
Zhou F et al. | 2023 | meta-analysis | women, children in utero, newborns | 1980 - 2016 | France, Iran, Norway, Canada and England | adverse pregnancy outcomes, birth defect, preterm birth, miscarriage and stillbirth | magnetic field, low frequency, power transmission line, 50/60 Hz, residential |
Törnqvist S | 1998 | cohort study | men, children in utero, newborns | 1973 - 1995 | Sweden | all childhood cancer, multiple births, birth weight, sex, survival, and congenital malformations | electric field, magnetic field, electrical substation, occupational |
Blaasaas KG et al. | 2003 | cohort study | children in utero, newborns | 1980 - 1997 | Norway | birth defects | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential |
Malagoli C et al. | 2012 | case-control study | women, children in utero, newborns | 1998 - 2006 | Italy | birth defects | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential |
Blaasaas KG et al. | 2004 | case-control study | children in utero, newborns | 1980, January 1986 - August 1997 | Norway | birth defects: central nervous system defects, clubfoot, oesophageal defects, cardiac defects, respiratory system defects | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential |
Auger N et al. | 2019 | cohort study | women, children in utero, newborns | 1989 - 2016 | Canada | birth defects: central nervous system, sense organs (eye, nose, ear), orofacial clefts, heart, respiratory, digestive, abdominal wall/diaphragm, genitourinary, and musculoskeletal systems, multiple defects | magnetic field, electric field, power transmission line, 50/60 Hz, electrical substation, residential |
Robert E | 1993 | case-control study | women, children in utero, newborns | 1988 - 1989 | France | birth defects: chromosomal aberrations, central nervous system anomalies, skeletal malformations, cardiac defects, facial clefts, hypospadias, anomalies of the digestive system, and anomalies of the urinary system | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential |
Mortazavi SM et al. | 2013 | - | women, children in utero, newborns | not stated | Iran | birth weight | mobile phone, mobile communications, cordless phone, PC/TV monitor, personal, also other exposures without EMF |
Strizek B et al. | 2015 | case-control study | children in utero, newborns | 2008 - 2012 | Belgium | birth weight | MRI, also other exposures without EMF |
Sato Y et al. | 2023 | - | women, children in utero, newborns, ≥ 20 years | 2021 - 2022 | Japan | birth weight and gestational age at birth | magnetic field, intermediate frequency, induction cooker |
Col-Araz N | 2013 | - | women, children in utero, newborns | May - December 2009 | Turkey | birth weight and preterm birth | mobile phone, mobile communications, PC/TV monitor, personal |
Kok RD et al. | 2004 | - | children, children in utero, newborns, 0–9 years | 1998 - 2000 | The Netherlands | birth weight, gestational age at birth, type of delivery, and arterial pH at birth, neurological evaluation (functioning of eyes and ears), gross and fine motor functioning, social development and communication | MRI |
Chartier AL et al. | 2019 | case-control study | women, children in utero, newborns | 2008 - 2015 | USA | birth weight, hearing impairment | MRI |
Bracken MB et al. | 1995 | cohort study | women, children in utero, newborns | 1998 - 1991 | USA | birthweight and intrauterine growth retardation | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, PC/TV monitor, other domestic appliance, residential, personal |
Tikkanen J et al. | 1990 | case-control study | women, children in utero, newborns | 1982 - 1984 | Finland | cardiovascular malformations | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, PC/TV monitor, occupational |
de Souza S et al. | 2021 | ecological study | women, children in utero, newborns | 2012 - 2017 | Brazil | congenital abnormality: gastroschisis | magnetic field, power transmission line, 50/60 Hz, low frequency, residential |
Robert E et al. | 1996 | case-control study | children in utero, newborns | 1988 - 1991 | France | congenital anomaly | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential |
Dlugosz L et al. | 1992 | case-control study | women, children in utero, newborns | 1988 - 1989 | USA | congenital defects | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, electric blanket, other domestic appliance, personal |
Zhao D et al. | 2021 | case-control study | women, children in utero, newborns | 2014 - 2016 | China | congenital heart diseases | mobile communications, mobile phone, RF field, microw. oven/heating device, magnetic field, induction cooker, PC/TV monitor, low frequency, other domestic appliance, intermediate frequency, shielding/field deprivation |
Brandt LP et al. | 1990 | case-control study | women, children in utero, newborns | 1984 - 1985 | Denmark | congenital malformations | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, PC/TV monitor, occupational |
Kurppa K et al. | 1985 | case-control study | women, children in utero, newborns | 1976 - 1982 | Finland | congenital malformations (defects of the central nervous system, orofacial clefts, skeletal defects, or cardiovascular malformations) | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, PC/TV monitor, occupational |
Li DK et al. | 1995 | case-control study | children in utero, newborns | 1990 - 1991 | USA | congenital urinary tract anomalies | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, other domestic appliance, personal |
Juutilainen J et al. | 1993 | case-control study | women, children in utero | 1984 - 1986 | Finland | early pregnancy loss | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, residential |
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