Experimental studies on the effects of young animals include studies with young animals prenatally or postnatally (before or after hatching) exposed to electromagnetic fields.
Young animals in this spirit means animals of the whole animal kingdom (but in this context mainly mammals and birds), exposed and investigated before their adulthood.
The graphics also include some experimental studies with children.
Authors | Year | Exposed system | Endpoints | Frequency range | SAR | Exposure duration | Parameters |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mulligan S et al. | 1998 | - | - | - | - | - | magnetic field |
Dimberg Y | 1995 | - | - | - | - | - | magnetic field |
Lee BC et al. | 2001 | - | - | - | - | continuous during gestation period (0 to 19) | magnetic field |
McDonald KK et al. | 2009 | - | - | - | - | - | magnetic field |
St-Pierre LS et al. | 2003 | - | - | - | - | - | magnetic field, signals/pulses |
Li Q et al. | 2014 | - | - | 200 Hz | - | - | magnetic field, low frequency, signals/pulses, also other exposures without EMF |
Win-Shwe TT et al. | 2015 | - | - | 21 kHz | - | - | magnetic field, intermediate frequency, induction cooker |
Kang S et al. | 2018 | - | - | 0.1–50 Hz | - | - | signals/pulses, 50/60 Hz, electric current application |
Zheng Y et al. | 2021 | - | - | 100–200 Hz | - | - | magnetic field, electric current application, low frequency |
Dong L et al. | 2021 | - | - | 0.5 Hz | - | - | magnetic field, low frequency |
Min YS et al. | 2001 | animal, chicken/Ross, whole body | levels of noradrenaline, tyrosine, GABA in the brain, sleep duration and onset time | 60 Hz | - | 3 h, 6 h, 9 h or 12 h | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Yip YP et al. | 1995 | animal, chicken/White Leghorn, whole body: <i>in ovo</i> | - | 15 Hz | - | continuous for 6 hr | RF field, magnetic field, static magnetic field, MRI |
Hemmati M et al. | 2014 | animal, mouse/Balb/c (embryo), whole body: <i>in utero</i> | protein expression of Reelin and Dab1 in the cortex | 50 Hz | - | 5 hours/day for 3 consecutive days | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Saha S et al. | 2014 | animal, mouse/C57BL/6, whole body: <i>in utero</i> | double-strand breaks, apoptosis | 50 Hz | - | continuous for 2 hours | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, also other exposures without EMF |
McNamee JP et al. | 2002 | animal, mouse/ICR, whole body | DNA damage | 60 Hz | - | continuous for 2 h | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Wang X et al. | 2013 | animal, mouse/albino Kunming, whole body | spatial memory | 50 Hz | - | continuous for 60 min/day from postnatal days 23 to 35 | magnetic field, low frequency, 50/60 Hz |
Hosseini E et al. | 2023 | animal, rat/ Wistar | - | - | - | - | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, low frequency, also other exposures without EMF, co-exposure |
Do Monte-Silva KK et al. | 2007 | animal, rat/ Wistar, partial body: paws | - | - | - | - | signals/pulses, electric current application |
Lukac T et al. | 2006 | animal, rat/Mill Hill, whole body | morphological and stereological changes in pineal gland | 50 Hz | - | 7 h/day, 5 days/week for 3 months | electric field, magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Jaffe RA et al. | 1983 | animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley albino, whole body | - | 60 Hz | - | continuous 20 h/day from conception to testing (postnatal days 11-20) | electric field, 50/60 Hz |
Harry GJ et al. | 2000 | animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley, whole body | - | 60 Hz | - | continuous 18.5 h per day, 7 days a week , from gestational day 0 to postnatal day 20 | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Canedo L et al. | 2003 | animal, rat/Wistar (<i>in utero</i>), whole body | serotonin content in the cerebral cortex and pineal gland of young rats | 60 Hz | - | continuous for 5 min, twice/week (6 sessions in total) during gestation | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Sofiabadi M et al. | 2018 | animal, rat/Wistar (<i>in utero</i>), whole body | - | - | - | - | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, co-exposure |
Balassa T et al. | 2013 | animal, rat/Wistar (embryo and young animal), whole body | synaptic functions | 50 Hz | - | continuous for 7 days during the second week of pregnancy | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Akpinar D et al. | 2016 | animal, rat/Wistar albino (<i>in utero</i> and young animals), whole body | mismatch negativity in the EEG and oxidative brain damage | 50 Hz | - | 1 hour/day during gestation until birth (22 days) | electric field, 50/60 Hz |
Gok DK et al. | 2016 | animal, rat/Wistar albino, whole body | evoked potentials and lipid peroxidation in the brain and retina of rats | 50 Hz | - | daily for 1 hour/day every during pregnancy | electric field, 50/60 Hz |
Fournier NM et al. | 2012 | animal, rat/Wistar albino, whole body: <i>in utero</i> | morphology of hippocampus, behavior in open field, fear conditioning | 50 Hz | - | continuous to different field patterns for 24 h/day during gestation (21 days) | magnetic field, low frequency, signals/pulses, 50/60 Hz |
Anselmo CW et al. | 2006 | animal, rat/Wistar, whole body: during pregnancy | reflex maturation of newborn rats | 60 Hz | - | repeated daily exposure, 2 h/days for 21 consecutive days | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Dong L et al. | 2018 | tissue slices, brain slices | - | 15–100 Hz | - | - | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, signals/pulses |
Zheng Y et al. | 2019 | tissue slices, brain, rat/Sprague-Dawley | synaptic plasticity | 15–100 Hz | - | 10 s, 20 s, 40 s, 60 s and 5 min | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, low frequency |
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