Experimental studies on the effects of young animals include studies with young animals prenatally or postnatally (before or after hatching) exposed to electromagnetic fields.
Young animals in this spirit means animals of the whole animal kingdom (but in this context mainly mammals and birds), exposed and investigated before their adulthood.
The graphics also include some experimental studies with children.
Authors | Year | Exposed system | Endpoints | Frequency range | SAR | Exposure duration | Parameters |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ince B et al. | 2012 | animal, rat/Wistar albino | mineral content in rat teeth (calcium, zinc, magnesium, phosphorus) | 50 Hz | - | continuous 4 h/day during 45 days | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, co-exposure, also other exposures without EMF |
Zhou J et al. | 2021 | intact cell/cell culture, newborn rat calvarial osteoblasts, animal, rat/Wistar | - | 10–100 Hz | - | - | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, low frequency |
Costantini D et al. | 2007 | animal, Eurasian kestrel (<i>Falco tinnunculus</i>), whole body | body condition; oxidative stress in the serum | 50 Hz | - | breeding season of 2002 or 2003 | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line |
Bellieni CV et al. | 2012 | human, whole body | melatonin production | 50 Hz | - | - | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, therapeutic/medical device |
Salti R et al. | 2006 | - | - | - | - | - | magnetic field, PC/TV monitor, not extractable |
Soffritti M et al. | 2016 | animal, rat/Sprague Dawley, whole body | occurrence of tumors in rats | 50 Hz | - | continuous for 19 hours/day from the 12<sup>th</sup> day of pregnancy until death | magnetic field, co-exposure |
Dupont MJ et al. | 2005 | animal, rat/ Wistar albino, whole body: fetus | - | 500 mHz | - | 48 h prenatal exposure with field off for 30 min every 4 h | magnetic field, geomagnetic field, low frequency, shielding/field deprivation |
Lee HJ et al. | 2007 | - | - | 20 kHz | - | 8 h/day a) for mammary tumor: for 14 weeks from the day after DMBA treatment b) for lung tumor: for 6 weeks beginning after weaning c) for skin tumor: 20 weeks beginning 1 weeks after DMBA treatment | magnetic field, intermediate frequency |
Ushiyama A et al. | 2014 | - | - | 21 kHz | - | - | magnetic field, intermediate frequency |
Persinger MA et al. | 1978 | - | - | 500 mHz | - | 5 days | magnetic field, low frequency |
Picazo ML et al. | 1996 | animal, mouse/Of1, whole body | - | 50 Hz | - | from conception until 14 weeks of age | magnetic field, low frequency, 50/60 Hz |
Udroiu I et al. | 2006 | animal, mouse/CD-1 Swiss, whole body | clastogenic and aneugenic effects | 50 Hz | - | 24 h/day for 21 days | magnetic field, low frequency, 50/60 Hz |
Rageh MM et al. | 2012 | animal, rat/Wistar, whole body | DNA strand breaks in brain cells; chromosome damage in bone marrow cells, cytotoxicity in brain and bone marrow cells; oxidative stress | 50 Hz | - | continuous for 24 h/day on 30 days | magnetic field, low frequency, 50/60 Hz |
Selmaoui B et al. | 1999 | animal, rat/Wistar | serum melatonin level and enzyme activities in the pineal gland | 50 Hz | - | 18 hours/day for 1 week | magnetic field, low frequency, 50/60 Hz |
Ozturk H et al. | 2022 | animal, rat/Sprague Dawley | - | - | - | - | magnetic field, low frequency, 50/60 Hz |
Rajkovic V et al. | 2010 | animal, rat/Wistar, whole body | thyroid structure | 50 Hz | - | continuous for 4 hr/day (from 10:00 to 14:00) on 30 days | magnetic field, low frequency, 50/60 Hz, co-exposure |
Peeling J et al. | 1988 | invertebrate, nematode (<i>Panagrellus redivivus</i>) | - | 1–25 Hz | - | continuous for 96 h | magnetic field, low frequency, signals/pulses, DC, static magnetic field |
Bellossi A | 1991 | - | - | 12–460 Hz | - | repeated exposure, 2 x 30 min/week, lifelong | magnetic field, signals/pulses |
Liu H et al. | 1997 | - | - | - | - | repeated daily exposure, 3 h/day, for 2 days | magnetic field, signals/pulses |
Emes Y et al. | 2013 | - | - | - | - | - | magnetic field, signals/pulses |
Taormina B et al. | 2019 | invertebrate, European lobster (<i>Homarus gammarus</i>), whole body | avoidance/attraction test and a test for exploratory and shelter seeking behavior | - | - | 1 week (unclear whether animals were also exposed during test) (test for exploratory and shelter seeking behavior) and 45 minutes (avoidance/attraction test) | magnetic field, static magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, DC, underground cable |
Passi R et al. | 2017 | - | - | - | - | - | magnetic field, therapeutic/medical device |
Di Carlo A et al. | 2002 | animal, chicken embryos/White Leghorn, whole body | stress response (HSP70 induction), hypoxia | 60 Hz | 1.7 W/kg | continuous for 30 min or 4 days, or repeated daily exposure for 20, 30 or 60 min, once or twice daily, for 4 days | microwaves, magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Shakina LA et al. | 2018 | invertebrate, <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i> (eggs) | - | 0 Hz–36.94 GHz | - | - | millimeter waves, static magnetic field |
Mohammadi B et al. | 2021 | animal, rat/Wistar | - | 50 Hz–900 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, mobile phone, 50/60 Hz, magnetic field |
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