Study overviews

Experimental studies on the effects of young animals include studies with young animals prenatally or postnatally (before or after hatching) exposed to electromagnetic fields.

Young animals in this spirit means animals of the whole animal kingdom (but in this context mainly mammals and birds), exposed and investigated before their adulthood.

The graphics also include some experimental studies with children.

Experimental studies on the effects of low and radio frequency on young animals

840 studies in total
  1. Teratogenicity, embryogenesis
    308 studies
  2. Other
    295 studies
  3. Central nervous system
    115 studies
  4. Behavior and cognitive processes
    52 studies
  5. Fertility
    45 studies
  6. Growth
    15 studies
  7. Endocrinologic processes
    10 studies

Other

295 studies in total
  1. Radio frequency
    143 studies
  2. Low frequency
    109 studies
  3. DC and static fields
    55 studies

Radio frequency 143 studies in total

List view
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Authors Year Exposed system Endpoints Frequency range SAR Exposure duration Parameters
Authors Year Exposed system Endpoints Frequency range SAR Exposure duration Parameters
Vadeyar SH et al. 2000 human, whole body: embryo <i>in utero</i> - - - - MRI
Peyman A et al. 2009 - - - - - microwaves, wireless transmitter
Machata AM et al. 2009 human - - 0.3–3.9 W/kg - MRI
Hässig M et al. 2009 animal, calf, whole body effects on eye (nuclear cataract; oxidative stress) - - continuous for 1 year mobile communications, mobile phone base station, GSM, UMTS
Poutamo J et al. 1998 human, whole body: embryo <i>in utero</i> - - 1.2–3.8 W/kg - MRI
Lo C et al. 2014 - - - - - MRI
Lerchl A et al. 2015 animal, mouse/C3H/HeNCrl x C57Bl/6N, whole body number, size and morphology of tumors in different tissues - 0.04–2 W/kg continuous for 23.3 h per day, 7 days per week, starting <i>in utero</i> up to 72 weeks mobile phone, UMTS, mobile communications, co-exposure
Shivashankara AR et al. 2015 human - - - - mobile phone, mobile communications
Cawley P et al. 2016 - - - - - RF field, MRI
Topsakal S et al. 2017 animal, rat/Sprague Dawley - - - - 2.45 GHz, W-LAN/WiFi
Bektas H et al. 2018 human - - - - mobile communications, mobile phone
Çiftçi ZZ et al. 2018 - - - - - 2.45 GHz, W-LAN/WiFi, co-exposure, also other exposures without EMF
Shojaeifard MB et al. 2018 animal, rat/Wistar - - - - mobile communications, RF field
Nasiar N et al. 2018 human - - - - mobile communications, mobile phone, mobile phone base station, residential
Surrell JA et al. 1987 - - - - - microwaves, microw. oven/heating device
Saadia Z 2018 human - - - - mobile communications, mobile phone
Saadia Z et al. 2018 human - - - - mobile communications, mobile phone
Holovska K et al. 2021 - - - - - 2.45 GHz, microwaves, PW pulsed wave
Cantürk Tan F et al. 2022 - - - - - RF field, CW continuous wave, 2.45 GHz
D'Silva MH et al. 2021 animal, hen eggs (<i>Gallus domesticus</i> ) - - - - mobile communications, mobile phone, GSM, UMTS
Chang YW et al. 2023 - - - - - microwaves, microw. oven/heating device, 2.45 GHz
Bryan YF et al. 2006 - - - - - MRI
Braithwaite LA et al. 1993 - - - - - microwaves, 2.45 GHz
Rugh R 1976 - - - - - 2.45 GHz, microwaves
Tungjitwitayakul J et al. 2016 - - - - - microwaves, microw. oven/heating device, also other exposures without EMF
Pellegrini A et al. 1994 - - - - - 2.45 GHz, microwaves
Zook BC et al. 2005 - - - - - RF field, CW continuous wave, PW pulsed wave, also other exposures without EMF, co-exposure
Otten L et al. 1994 - - - - - 2.45 GHz, microwaves, also other exposures without EMF
Nassisi V et al. 2023 animal, zebrafish (<i>Danio rerio</i>) larvae - 0 Hz–900 MHz - - UHF fields, RF field, static magnetic field, low frequency, intermediate frequency
Shakina LA et al. 2018 invertebrate, <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i> (eggs) - 0 Hz–36.94 GHz - - millimeter waves, static magnetic field
Galvin MJ et al. 1981 - - 2.45 Hz 4.03 nW/g first 12 days of embryogeny microwaves, CW continuous wave, 2.45 GHz
Galvin MJ et al. 1982 - - 2.45 Hz 4.03 nW/g 12 days microwaves, CW continuous wave
Shallom JM et al. 2002 animal, chicken/White Leghorn, whole body heat shock protein production 30–90 Hz 1.75–2.5 W/kg continuous for 30 min microwaves
Mohammadi B et al. 2021 animal, rat/Wistar - 50 Hz–900 MHz - - mobile communications, mobile phone, 50/60 Hz, magnetic field
Di Carlo A et al. 2002 animal, chicken embryos/White Leghorn, whole body stress response (HSP70 induction), hypoxia 60 Hz 1.7 W/kg continuous for 30 min or 4 days, or repeated daily exposure for 20, 30 or 60 min, once or twice daily, for 4 days microwaves, magnetic field, 50/60 Hz
Cheever KL et al. 2001 animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley, whole body metabolism in maternal animals and embryos (2-Methoxyethanol metabolism, embryonic distribution, and macromolecular adduct formation) 10 MHz 0.8 W/kg–6.6 mW/g continuous for 50 min RF field
Üstündağ ÜV et al. 2020 - - 15–3,000 MHz - - RF field
Lary JM et al. 1986 - - 27.12 MHz 10.8 W/kg 10 to 40 min. on gestation day 9 RF field
Mathur R 2008 animal, rat/Wistar albino, whole body threshold of pain, nociceptive behavior 73.5 MHz 0.4 W/kg 2 h/day for 45 days RF field, AM amplitude modulation
Bianco B et al. 1979 - - 100–2,000 MHz - - RF field, microwaves
Magin RL et al. 2000 animal, mouse/ICR:HD, whole body - 170 MHz 0.2 W/kg - MRI, co-exposure, also other exposures without EMF
Smialowicz RJ et al. 1982 - - 425 MHz 6.7 mW/g repeated daily exposure for 4 hours a day from day 12 of pregnancy to parturition (dams) and for 20 or 40 days (pups) RF field
Rusnani A et al. 2008 - - 650 MHz - - microwaves, RF field
Yenilmez F 2022 animal, chicken/Ross (egg) - 800 MHz - - mobile communications, mobile phone, co-exposure, also other exposures without EMF
Celik O et al. 2004 human, pregnant females, whole body fetal heart rate 800–1,800 MHz - continuous for 5 min mobile communications, mobile phone
Ferreira AR et al. 2006 animal, rat/Wistar, whole body chromosome damage 834 MHz 1.23 W/kg repeated daily exposure, 8.5 h/day, throughout pregnancy analog mobile phone, mobile communications
Nam KC et al. 2006 human, partial body: head (left side) different physiological parameters (blood pressure, heart rate, respiration, skin resistance) 835 MHz 1.6 W/kg continuous for 30 min digital mobile phone, CDMA, mobile communications
Adey WR et al. 1999 animal, rat/Fischer 344, whole body, partial body: head CNS tumors 836.55 MHz 1–1.4 W/kg continuous for about 25 days, see add. information NADC, TDMA, mobile communications, microwaves
Adey WR et al. 2000 animal, rat/Fischer 344, whole body, partial body: head CNS tumors 836.55 MHz 0.27–1.2 W/kg continuous for about 25 days, see add. information mobile communications, mobile phone, microwaves
Vozeh F et al. 2007 animal, mouse/Lurcher mutant and wild type (derived of the two strains C3H and B6CBA), whole body spatial learning ability, motor functions, CNS excitability, development of body weight 870 MHz 0.05–1.44 mW/g repeated daily exposure, 2.5 h/day, for 21 days RF field