Experimental studies on the effects of young animals include studies with young animals prenatally or postnatally (before or after hatching) exposed to electromagnetic fields.
Young animals in this spirit means animals of the whole animal kingdom (but in this context mainly mammals and birds), exposed and investigated before their adulthood.
The graphics also include some experimental studies with children.
Authors | Year | Exposed system | Endpoints | Frequency range | SAR | Exposure duration | Parameters |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Maffeo S et al. | 1988 | - | - | 100 Hz | - | - | magnetic field, signals/pulses |
Zecca L et al. | 1985 | animal, rat/Sprague Dawley (embryo and adult), whole body | - | 50 Hz | - | 3 h/day, 4 weeks | magnetic field, signals/pulses, 50/60 Hz |
Sandström M et al. | 1987 | animal, chicken embryos/White Leghorn (eggs), whole body | embryonal development and malformations | 20 kHz | - | continuous for 42 h | magnetic field, signals/pulses, PC/TV monitor |
Frölen H et al. | 1993 | animal, mouse/CBA/s, whole body | embryogenesis | 20 kHz | - | 12, 14, 18, or 19 days | magnetic field, signals/pulses, intermediate frequency |
Chiang H et al. | 1995 | - | - | 15.6 kHz | - | 4 h/day from 6th to 17th day of gestation | magnetic field, signals/pulses, intermediate frequency |
Maffeo S et al. | 1984 | - | - | 100 Hz–1 kHz | - | continuous for 48 hrs | magnetic field, signals/pulses, intermediate frequency |
Bellossi A | 1992 | - | - | - | - | repeated exposure, 30 min/day, on 2 non-consecutive days/week, lifelong | magnetic field, signals/pulses, therapeutic/medical device |
Nakagawa H et al. | 2018 | animal, mexican axolotl (<i>Ambystoma mexicanum</i>) | - | 10 Hz | - | - | magnetic field, static magnetic field |
Mevissen M et al. | 1994 | animal, rat/Wistar, whole body | - | 50 Hz | - | repeated daily exposure of 24 hrs for 20 days | magnetic field, static magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Severini M et al. | 2009 | animal, African clawed frog tadpoles (<i>Xenopus laevis</i>), whole body | tadpole development | 0–50 Hz | - | not reported, probably during the whole development | magnetic field, static magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
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