Experimental studies on the effects of young animals include studies with young animals prenatally or postnatally (before or after hatching) exposed to electromagnetic fields.
Young animals in this spirit means animals of the whole animal kingdom (but in this context mainly mammals and birds), exposed and investigated before their adulthood.
The graphics also include some experimental studies with children.
Authors | Year | Exposed system | Endpoints | Frequency range | SAR | Exposure duration | Parameters |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Skauli KS et al. | 2000 | animal, zebrafish embryos (<i>Danio rerio</i>), whole body | - | 50 Hz | - | from 2 h after fertilization until hatching or from 48 h after fertilization until hatching | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Tyndall DA | 1990 | animal, mouse/C57BL/6J, whole body: <i>in utero</i> | - | - | - | - | MRI, co-exposure, also other exposures without EMF |
Piera V et al. | 1992 | - | - | - | - | continuous | - |
Desta AB et al. | 1999 | animal, chicken embryos (eggs), whole body | - | 60 Hz | - | 15 h, 18 h, 23 h and 28 h | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Juutilainen JP | 1986 | - | - | 100 Hz | - | continuous, during incubation | magnetic field, low frequency |
Di Carlo AL et al. | 2000 | animal, chicken embryos (eggs), whole body | - | 60 Hz | - | continuous for 20 min | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Di Carlo AL et al. | 2000 | animal, chicken embryos (eggs), whole body | - | 55–65 Hz | - | on - off at intervals from 0.1s to 50 s for 20 min | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Ryan BM et al. | 2000 | animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley, whole body | - | 60 Hz | - | 18.5 h/day, 7 days/week, from gestation day 6 - 19 | magnetic field, low frequency, 50/60 Hz |
Levin M et al. | 1995 | invertebrate, sea urchin (<i>Strongylocentrotus purpuratus</i>) (embryo) | - | 0–60 Hz | - | continuous | magnetic field, static magnetic field, low frequency, 50/60 Hz, DC |
Di Carlo AL et al. | 2001 | animal, chicken embryos (eggs), whole body | - | 60 Hz | - | continuous for 20 min | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, co-exposure |
Shams Lahijani M et al. | 2000 | animal, chicken embryos (eggs), whole body | - | 50 Hz | - | continuous for 24 h | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Ossenkopp KP et al. | 1972 | - | - | 500 mHz | - | continuous for about 22 or 3 days | magnetic field, low frequency |
Huuskonen H et al. | 2001 | mouse embryos, mouse/CBA/s | development of mouse embryos | 50 Hz | - | from 8 h after ovulation to blastocyst stage | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Negishi T et al. | 2002 | animal, rat/Sprague Dawley (embryo and adult) | - | 50 Hz | - | intermittent; 22h/day | 50/60 Hz, magnetic field |
Chung MK et al. | 2003 | animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley, whole body | fertility and health of mother rats and teratogenicity in fetuses | 60 Hz | - | continuous for 22 h/day from day 6 to day 20 of gestation | magnetic field, low frequency, 50/60 Hz |
Roda-Moreno JA et al. | 2003 | animal, chicken embryos, whole body | - | 50 Hz | - | continuous for 15 days | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Severini M et al. | 2003 | animal, tadpoles of <i>Xenopus laevis</i>, whole body | - | 50 Hz–15.797 kHz | - | 12 h/day from day 3 untill metamorphosis | magnetic field, intermediate frequency, 50/60 Hz |
Gagnon ZE et al. | 2003 | animal, mouse/Swiss Webster, whole body | embryo development | 0 Hz–25 MHz | - | exposure started on the 18th day of pregnancy; one week later, offspring was born and maintained together with their mothers for 21 days. After that, only the mothers were left to continue for another 4 weeks. | EMF general |
Toman R et al. | 2002 | - | - | - | - | 20 min | magnetic field |
Kim SH et al. | 2004 | - | - | 20 kHz | - | repeated daily exposure, 8 h/d, from Day 2.5 to 15.5 of gestation. | magnetic field, intermediate frequency |
Rajendra P et al. | 2004 | animal, chicken embryos (eggs), whole body | neurotransmitter levels in the brain and tissue damage in chicken embryos | 50 Hz | - | continuous for 5, 10 and 15 days | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Chung MK et al. | 2004 | animal, rat/Sprague Dawley (embryo and adult), whole body | - | 60 Hz | - | repeated daily exposure, 21 h/day from day 6 of gestation to day 21 of lactation. | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Dupont MJ et al. | 2004 | animal, rat/Wistar albino, whole body | effects on neurons and glia cells | 500 mHz | - | continuous for 9 days ( 2 days befor and 7 days after birth) | magnetic field, low frequency, signals/pulses |
Shams Lahijani M et al. | 2004 | fertilized chicken eggs | teratogenicity/embryonal development | 50 Hz | - | continuous for 24 h | low frequency, 50/60 Hz, magnetic field |
Grimaldi S et al. | 2004 | animal, African clawed frog (<i>Xenopus laevis</i>) (tadpoles), whole body | tadpole survival and metamorphosis-rate | 50 Hz | - | continuous for 65 days | magnetic field, low frequency, 50/60 Hz |
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