EMF-Portal | Reactions of keratinocytes to in vitro millimeter wave exposure

Reactions of keratinocytes to in vitro millimeter wave exposure med./bio.

By: Szabo I, Rojavin MA, Rogers TJ, Ziskin MC

Published in: Bioelectromagnetics 2001; 22 (5): 358-364

Aim of study (acc. to author)

Background/further details

Endpoint

Exposure

Exposure	Parameters
Exposure 1: 61.2 GHz Modulation type: CW Exposure duration: continuous for 15 or 30 min, see add. information	power: 20 mW (output power) power density: 29 mW/cm² (± 2 mW/cm²) SAR: 770 W/kg (± 42 W/kg)

Exposure 1

Main characteristics

Frequency	61.2 GHz
Type	electromagnetic field
Exposure duration	continuous for 15 or 30 min, see add. information
Additional info	± 2.1 GHz

Modulation

Modulation type	CW

Exposure setup

Exposure source	horn antenna rectangular 16 x 16 mm
Chamber	Exposures were performed in a shielded room (made of 12.5-mm thick low-carbon steel sheets) on a standard clean bench for tissue culture, and metal surfaces surrounding the horn antenna were covered with MW-absorbing material to minimize reflections. MW generator, power meter, and spectrum analyzer were located outside. [Rojavin et al., 1997, 1998]
Setup	Cell cultures in the 15-mm wells of a standard 24-well plate, placed on top of the antenna, were exposed, one well at a time. Four corner wells of each plate were loaded with keratinocyte suspension. Two wells were exposed to MW and two were left as plate controls.
Sham exposure	A sham exposure was conducted.
Additional info	Each corner well was individually exposed or sham exposed for 15 or 30 min, and the total exposure duration for each plate was 60 or 120 min.

Parameters

Measurand	Value	Type	Method	Mass	Remarks
power	20 mW	-	measured	-	output power
power density	29 mW/cm²	-	calculated	-	± 2 mW/cm²
SAR	770 W/kg	-	measured	-	± 42 W/kg

Measurement and calculation details

The SAR was determined from the initial rate of temperature rise measured using a calibrated 0.1-mm thermocouple positioned in contact with the bottom of the well. The incident power density was calculated using the relationship described in [Gandhi and Riazi, 1986] from the SAR, density, penetration depth, and power reflection coefficient. The latter two quantities were measured using the method described in [Alekseev and Ziskin, 2000].

Reference articles

Alekseev SI et al. (2000): Reflection and absorption of millimeter waves by thin absorbing films
Rojavin MA et al. (1998): Antipruritic effect of millimeter waves in mice: evidence for opioid involvement
Rojavin MA et al. (1997): Electromagnetic millimeter waves increase the duration of anaesthesia caused by ketamine and chloral hydrate in mice
Gandhi OP et al. (1986): Absorption of millimeter waves by human beings and its biological implications

Methods Endpoint/measurement parameters/methodology

Investigated system:

isolated bio./chem. substance
intact cell/cell culture

Time of investigation:

after exposure

Main outcome of study (acc. to author)

Study character:

medical/biological study
experimental study
full/main study

Study funded by

National Institutes of Health (NIH), Maryland, USA

Richard J. Fox Foundation, USA

Kim DH et al. (2015): Effects of a continuous electromagnetic field on wound healing in human airway

Alekseev SI et al. (2010): Millimeter wave effects on electrical responses of the sural nerve in vivo

Millenbaugh NJ et al. (2008): Gene Expression Changes in the Skin of Rats Induced by Prolonged 35 GHz Millimeter-Wave Exposure

Aly AA et al. (2008): Effects of 900-MHz Radio Frequencies on the Chemotaxis of Human Neutrophils in Vitro

Beneduci A et al. (2007): Antiproliferative effect of millimeter radiation on human erythromyeloid leukemia cell line K562 in culture: ultrastructural- and metabolic-induced changes