Epidemiological studies of low and radio frequency exposure on children's health comprise the following studies:
Authors | Year | Study type | Study group | Observation period | Study location | Endpoints | Parameters |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Eger H et al. | 2009 | preliminary study | men, women, children, ≥ 10 years | 2000 - 2007 | Germany | brain tumor, thyroid cancer, breast cancer, colon cancer, lung cancer, liver cancer, prostate cancer, kidney cancer, ovarian carcinoma, melanoma, childhood brain/CNS tumor, other childhood cancer | mobile communications, mobile phone base station, residential |
Farashi S et al. | 2022 | meta-analysis | men, women, children, 6–80 years | - | - | headache | mobile communications, mobile phone |
Felix OK et al. | 2014 | - | men, women, children | not stated | Nigeria | health effects (e.g., headache, loss of appetite), sleep disturbances | mobile communications, mobile phone base station, GSM |
Foerster M et al. | 2018 | cohort study | children, 12–17 years | 2012 - 2014, follow-up 2016 | Switzerland | memory performance | mobile communications, mobile phone |
Guxens M et al. | 2013 | cohort study | children, ≥ 5 years | 2003 - 2011 | The Netherlands | behavior problems | mobile phone, GSM, mobile communications, cordless phone, personal |
Guxens M et al. | 2016 | cohort study | children, 5–6 years | 2003 - 2010 | The Netherlands | cognitive function: speed of information processing, inhibitory control, cognitive flexibility, and visuomotor coordination | mobile phone, mobile phone base station, GSM, UMTS, mobile communications, cordless phone, W-LAN/WiFi, residential, personal |
Guxens M et al. | 2019 | cross-sectional study | children, 5 years | 2003 - 2010 | The Netherlands | emotional and behavioural problems | mobile communications, mobile phone, mobile phone base station, GSM, UMTS, cordless phone, W-LAN/WiFi, also other exposures without EMF |
Heinrich S et al. | 2011 | cross-sectional study | children, 8–17 years | 2006 - 2007 | Germany | chronic symptoms over the last 6 months: headache, irritation, nervousness, dizziness, fatigue, and fear, sleep disturbances | mobile phone, digital mobile phone, mobile phone base station, GSM, UMTS, mobile communications, RF field, DECT, W-LAN/WiFi, residential, personal |
Heinrich S et al. | 2010 | cross-sectional study | children, 8–17 years | 2006 - 2008 | Germany | headache, irritation, nervousness, dizziness, fatigue and concentration problems | mobile phone, mobile phone base station, GSM, UMTS, mobile communications, RF field, DECT, W-LAN/WiFi, residential, personal |
Holland SK et al. | 2014 | cohort study | children, 5–18 years | 2000 - 2002 | USA | safety of MRI | MRI |
Huss A et al. | 2015 | cohort study | children, 6–8 years | 2003 - 2011 | The Netherlands | sleep-onset delay, sleep duration, night wakening, parasomnia, daytime sleepiness | mobile phone, mobile phone base station, GSM, UMTS, mobile communications, cordless phone, W-LAN/WiFi, residential, personal |
Hwang Y et al. | 2016 | cross-sectional study | men, women, children, 14–18 years | 2013 | Korea | eye symptoms: vision blurring, redness, visual disturbance, secretion, inflammation, lacrimation and dryness | mobile phone, mobile communications |
Kok RD et al. | 2004 | - | children, children in utero, newborns, 0–9 years | 1998 - 2000 | The Netherlands | birth weight, gestational age at birth, type of delivery, and arterial pH at birth, neurological evaluation (functioning of eyes and ears), gross and fine motor functioning, social development and communication | MRI |
Kücer N et al. | 2014 | survey | men, women, children, 9–80 years | 2011 | Turkey | headache, vertigo/dizziness, fatigue, forgetfulness, insomnia, tension-anxiety, joint and bone pain, lacrimation of the eyes, hearing loss and tinnitus, insomnia | mobile phone, mobile communications, personal |
Meo SA et al. | 2015 | cross-sectional study | children, 12–17 years | not stated | Saudi Arabia | glycated hemoglobin (HbA<sub>1c</sub>) | mobile phone base station, mobile communications, residential |
Milde-Busch A et al. | 2010 | cross-sectional study | children, 13–17 years | not stated | Germany | headache (migraine, tension-type headache, miscellaneous headache) | mobile communications, digital mobile phone, personal |
Mortazavi SM et al. | 2011 | cross-sectional study | children, 6–16 years | not stated | Iran | headache, myalgia, palpitation, fatigue, tinnitus, concentration problems, attention problems, nervousness | mobile phone, mobile communications, cordless phone, PC/TV monitor |
Mortazavi SMJ et al. | 2018 | - | men, women, children, 11–79 years | not stated | Iran | subjective symptoms (e.g., headache, vertigo, myalgia, palpitation, fatigue, tinnitus, concentration problem, attention problem, nervousness, back pain and toothache), sleep disturbances | mobile communications, mobile phone base station, residential |
Papadopoulou E et al. | 2017 | cohort study | women, children, children in utero, newborns, 0–5 years | 1999 - 2008 | Norway | language skills, communication skills, motor skills | mobile communications, mobile phone |
Preece AW et al. | 2007 | survey | men, women, children | 2001 | Cyprus | all cancer, all childhood cancer, reproductive history, sex ratio, congenital abnormalities, specific illnesses such as diabetes, migraine; childhood illnesses, mortality, general health, risk perception | RF field, residential |
Redmayne M et al. | 2013 | cross-sectional study | children, 10–14 years | June - October 2009 | New Zealand | headache, feeling low, sleeping difficulties, tinnitus | mobile phone, mobile communications, DECT, cordless phone, W-LAN/WiFi, personal |
Redmayne M et al. | 2016 | cohort study | children, 8–11 years | 2011 | Australia | cognitive function (signal detection, working memory, learning, Stroop test) | mobile phone, mobile communications, cordless phone |
Roser K et al. | 2016 | cohort study | men, women, children, 12–17 years | 2012 - 2013, follow-up 2014 | Switzerland | behavioral problems (emotional problems, conduct problems, hyperactivity/inattention, peer relationship problems and prosocial behavior) and concentration capacity (homogeneity, power and accuracy) | mobile phone, mobile phone base station, GSM, UMTS, mobile communications, cordless phone, W-LAN/WiFi, Radio/TV transmitter, residential, personal |
Schoeni A et al. | 2015 | cohort study | children, 12–17 years | 2012 - 2014 | Switzerland | memory performance (verbal and figural memory) | mobile phone, mobile phone base station, GSM, UMTS, mobile communications, cordless phone, W-LAN/WiFi, Radio/TV transmitter |
Schoeni A et al. | 2016 | cohort study | men, women, children, 12–17 years | 2012 - 2013, follow-up 1 year later | Switzerland | headache, tiredness, lack of concentration, exhaustibility, lack of energy and physical ill-being | mobile phone base station, mobile communications, Radio/TV transmitter, residential |
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