Study overviews

Epidemiological studies of low and radio frequency exposure on children's health comprise the following studies:

Epidemiological studies on the effects of low and radio frequency on children

337 studies in total
  1. Leukemia
    134 studies
  2. Other health effects
    89 studies
  3. Pregnancy outcomes
    88 studies
  4. Brain/CNS tumor
    68 studies
  5. Other types of cancer
    32 studies
  6. Lymphoma
    20 studies
  7. Cancer (unspecified)
    19 studies

Other health effects

89 studies in total
  1. Radio frequency
    70 studies
  2. Low frequency
    31 studies
  3. DC and static fields
    one study

Radio frequency 70 studies in total

List view
10 25 50
Authors Year Study type Study group Observation period Study location Endpoints Parameters
Authors Year Study type Study group Observation period Study location Endpoints Parameters
Baker PN et al. 1994 cross-sectional study children, children in utero, 0–3 years - UK reproductive effects and pregnancy outcomes, others MRI
Chou IJ et al. 2014 cross-sectional study men, women, children, 7–60 years - UK general discomfort, dizziness, noisiness, claustrophobia and feeling of cold or warm MRI
Sudan M et al. 2018 - children, children in utero, 4–6 years - Denmark, Spain, Korea cognitive function mobile communications, mobile phone
Cabré-Riera A et al. 2021 cross-sectional study children, 9–18 years - Netherlands cognitive function: non-verbal intelligence, information processing speed, attentional function, visual attention, cognitive flexibility, working memory, and semantic fluency mobile communications, mobile phone, mobile phone base station, DECT, W-LAN/WiFi, Radio/TV transmitter, laptop/tablet
Çöl N et al. 2021 - women, children in utero, 0–5 years - Turkey bedtime resistance, nighttime waking, waking up crying, difficulties in falling asleep, and mean sleep duration at nighttime and day- time mobile communications, mobile phone, mobile phone base station, microw. oven/heating device, W-LAN/WiFi, other domestic appliance, residential
Taziki Balajelini MH et al. 2022 - men, women, children - Sweden, Finland, Denmark, Spain und Brazil hearing impairment mobile communications, mobile phone
Farashi S et al. 2022 meta-analysis men, women, children, 6–80 years - - headache mobile communications, mobile phone
Bektas H et al. 2022 - children, children in utero - Turkey general motor movements mobile communications, mobile phone
Babu MA et al. 2023 survey men, women, children, 1–30 years - Bangladesh health effects (e.g. headache, poor eyesight, mental health, eating habit) mobile communications, mobile phone, W-LAN/WiFi, laptop/tablet
Carlberg M et al. 2016 - men, women, children, 0–80 years 1970 - 2013 Sweden, Denmark, Finland, Norway and Iceland thyroid cancer mobile phone, mobile communications, cordless phone, also other exposures without EMF
Dolk H et al. 1997 ecological study men, women, children 1974 - 1986 Great Britain acute leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, acute lymphatic leukemia, chronic myeloid leukemia, chronic lymphatic leukemia, brain tumor, skin melanoma, bladder cancer, childhood leukemia, childhood brain/CNS tumor TV broadcast (VHF/UHF), FM broadcast (UKW), residential
Dolk H et al. 1997 ecological study men, women, children 1974 - 1986 Great Britain acute leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, acute lymphatic leukemia, chronic myeloid leukemia, chronic lymphatic leukemia, benign and malignant brain tumors, in women and men, lung cancer, colorectal cancer, stomach cancer, prostate cancer, bladder cancer, skin melanoma, eye melanoma, childhood leukemia, other childhood cancer TV broadcast (VHF/UHF), FM broadcast (UKW), residential
Sudan M et al. 2013 cohort study children, 0–7 years 1996 - 2002 Denmark hearing loss mobile phone, mobile communications, personal
Divan HA et al. 2011 cohort study children, 0–7 years 1996 - 2002, 2008 Denmark developmental delays of motor, cognitive, and language milestones mobile phone, mobile communications, personal
Sudan M et al. 2016 cohort study women, children in utero, 7–11 years 1996 - 2002, follow-up at the age of 7 and 11 years Denmark emotional and behavioural difficulties mobile communications, mobile phone
Birks L et al. 2017 cohort study children, children in utero, 5–7 years 1996 - 2011 Denmark, Netherlands, Korea, Norway, and Spain overall behavioral problems, hyperactivity/inattention problems and emotional problems mobile communications, mobile phone
Wang J et al. 2017 meta-analysis men, women, children, 7–70 years 1996 - 2014 China, Denmark, India, Norway, Singapore, Sweden, Taiwan headache mobile phone, mobile communications, analog mobile phone, digital mobile phone, NMT, GSM
Kok RD et al. 2004 - children, children in utero, newborns, 0–9 years 1998 - 2000 The Netherlands birth weight, gestational age at birth, type of delivery, and arterial pH at birth, neurological evaluation (functioning of eyes and ears), gross and fine motor functioning, social development and communication MRI
Papadopoulou E et al. 2017 cohort study women, children, children in utero, newborns, 0–5 years 1999 - 2008 Norway language skills, communication skills, motor skills mobile communications, mobile phone
Holland SK et al. 2014 cohort study children, 5–18 years 2000 - 2002 USA safety of MRI MRI
Calvente I et al. 2016 cohort study children, 9–11 years 2000 - 2002, follow-up 2011 - 2012 Spain neuropsychological functions (intelligence quotient, verbal expression and comprehension, attention, verbal memory, visual-motor coordination, executive function (e.g., working memory, cognition inhibition, motor inhibition, abstract reasoning), processing speed) and behavioral problems mobile phone, mobile phone base station, GSM, mobile communications, RF field, Bluetooth, DECT, cordless phone, W-LAN/WiFi, TV broadcast (VHF/UHF), FM broadcast (UKW), AM radio transmitters, SW broadcast (KW), DVB-T, radar, wireless transmitter, intermediate frequency, residential
Eger H et al. 2009 preliminary study men, women, children, ≥ 10 years 2000 - 2007 Germany brain tumor, thyroid cancer, breast cancer, colon cancer, lung cancer, liver cancer, prostate cancer, kidney cancer, ovarian carcinoma, melanoma, childhood brain/CNS tumor, other childhood cancer mobile communications, mobile phone base station, residential
Preece AW et al. 2007 survey men, women, children 2001 Cyprus all cancer, all childhood cancer, reproductive history, sex ratio, congenital abnormalities, specific illnesses such as diabetes, migraine; childhood illnesses, mortality, general health, risk perception RF field, residential
Guxens M et al. 2016 cohort study children, 5–6 years 2003 - 2010 The Netherlands cognitive function: speed of information processing, inhibitory control, cognitive flexibility, and visuomotor coordination mobile phone, mobile phone base station, GSM, UMTS, mobile communications, cordless phone, W-LAN/WiFi, residential, personal
Guxens M et al. 2019 cross-sectional study children, 5 years 2003 - 2010 The Netherlands emotional and behavioural problems mobile communications, mobile phone, mobile phone base station, GSM, UMTS, cordless phone, W-LAN/WiFi, also other exposures without EMF
Guxens M et al. 2013 cohort study children, ≥ 5 years 2003 - 2011 The Netherlands behavior problems mobile phone, GSM, mobile communications, cordless phone, personal
Huss A et al. 2015 cohort study children, 6–8 years 2003 - 2011 The Netherlands sleep-onset delay, sleep duration, night wakening, parasomnia, daytime sleepiness mobile phone, mobile phone base station, GSM, UMTS, mobile communications, cordless phone, W-LAN/WiFi, residential, personal
Yamazaki K et al. 2023 - children, 8–14 years 2003 - 2020 Japan conduct problems, hyperactivity, emotional symptoms, peer problems and prosocial behavior mobile communications, mobile phone base station, mobile phone, W-LAN/WiFi, Radio/TV transmitter, personal, residential
Abramson MJ et al. 2009 cross-sectional study children, 11–14 years 2005 - 2006 Australia cognitive function (signal detection, working memory, simple learning, associative learning, movement monitoring/estimation, Stroop test) mobile communications, digital mobile phone, personal
Byun YH et al. 2013 cohort study children, 8–11 years 2005 - 2006, follow-up 2009 - 2010 Korea attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) mobile phone, mobile communications
Heinrich S et al. 2011 cross-sectional study children, 8–17 years 2006 - 2007 Germany chronic symptoms over the last 6 months: headache, irritation, nervousness, dizziness, fatigue, and fear, sleep disturbances mobile phone, digital mobile phone, mobile phone base station, GSM, UMTS, mobile communications, RF field, DECT, W-LAN/WiFi, residential, personal
Thomas S et al. 2010 cohort study children, 12–15 years 2006 - 2007 Australia cognitive function (signal detection, working memory, learning, Stroop test) mobile communications, digital mobile phone, personal
Thomas S et al. 2010 cross-sectional study children, 8–17 years 2006 - 2008 Germany overall behavioural problems (emotional problems, conduct problems, hyperactivity, and peer relationship problems) mobile communications, digital mobile phone, mobile phone base station, GSM, UMTS, RF field, DECT, W-LAN/WiFi, personal
Heinrich S et al. 2010 cross-sectional study children, 8–17 years 2006 - 2008 Germany headache, irritation, nervousness, dizziness, fatigue and concentration problems mobile phone, mobile phone base station, GSM, UMTS, mobile communications, RF field, DECT, W-LAN/WiFi, residential, personal
Choi KH et al. 2017 cohort study women, children, children in utero, 0–3 years 2006 - 2010, follow-up at 6, 12, 24, and 36 months of age Korea neurodevelopment: mental and psychomotor infant development mobile communications, mobile phone, TETRA/TETRAPOL, PCS, CDMA, RF field, FM broadcast (UKW), Radio/TV transmitter, co-exposure, residential, personal
Chartier AL et al. 2019 case-control study women, children in utero, newborns 2008 - 2015 USA birth weight, hearing impairment MRI
Bhatt CR et al. 2017 cohort study children, 9–11 years 2010 - 2012, follow-up 2012 - 2013 Australia cognitive function mobile communications, mobile phone, cordless phone
Kücer N et al. 2014 survey men, women, children, 9–80 years 2011 Turkey headache, vertigo/dizziness, fatigue, forgetfulness, insomnia, tension-anxiety, joint and bone pain, lacrimation of the eyes, hearing loss and tinnitus, insomnia mobile phone, mobile communications, personal
Redmayne M et al. 2016 cohort study children, 8–11 years 2011 Australia cognitive function (signal detection, working memory, learning, Stroop test) mobile phone, mobile communications, cordless phone
Brzozek C et al. 2019 reanalysis children, 9–11 years 2011 - 2013 Australia cognitive function mobile communications, mobile phone
Zvi E et al. 2020 cohort study women, children, children in utero, newborns, 0–6 years 2011 - 2017 Israel neurodevelopment: communication, daily living skills, socialization and motor skills MRI
Schoeni A et al. 2016 cohort study men, women, children, 12–17 years 2012 - 2013, follow-up 1 year later Switzerland headache, tiredness, lack of concentration, exhaustibility, lack of energy and physical ill-being mobile phone base station, mobile communications, Radio/TV transmitter, residential
Schoeni A et al. 2017 cohort study men, women, children, 12–17 years 2012 - 2013, follow-up 2013 - 2014 Switzerland headache, tiredness, lack of concentration, exhaustibility, lack of energy and physical ill-being mobile phone, UMTS, GSM, mobile phone base station, mobile communications, cordless phone, Radio/TV transmitter, W-LAN/WiFi, personal, residential
Roser K et al. 2016 cohort study men, women, children, 12–17 years 2012 - 2013, follow-up 2014 Switzerland behavioral problems (emotional problems, conduct problems, hyperactivity/inattention, peer relationship problems and prosocial behavior) and concentration capacity (homogeneity, power and accuracy) mobile phone, mobile phone base station, GSM, UMTS, mobile communications, cordless phone, W-LAN/WiFi, Radio/TV transmitter, residential, personal
Schoeni A et al. 2015 cohort study children, 12–17 years 2012 - 2014 Switzerland memory performance (verbal and figural memory) mobile phone, mobile phone base station, GSM, UMTS, mobile communications, cordless phone, W-LAN/WiFi, Radio/TV transmitter
Foerster M et al. 2018 cohort study children, 12–17 years 2012 - 2014, follow-up 2016 Switzerland memory performance mobile communications, mobile phone
Danzer E et al. 2023 - children, children in utero 2012 - 2019 USA neurodevelopment MRI
Hwang Y et al. 2016 cross-sectional study men, women, children, 14–18 years 2013 Korea eye symptoms: vision blurring, redness, visual disturbance, secretion, inflammation, lacrimation and dryness mobile phone, mobile communications
Zarei S et al. 2015 case-control study children, children in utero, 3–5 years 2014 Iran speech problems mobile phone, mobile phone base station, mobile communications, cordless phone, W-LAN/WiFi, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, PC/TV monitor, other domestic appliance
Zarei S et al. 2019 - women, children, children in utero, 3–7 years 2016 Iran speech problems mobile communications, mobile phone, mobile phone base station, W-LAN/WiFi, cordless phone, power transmission line, PC/TV monitor, also other exposures without EMF