Study overviews

Epidemiological studies of low and radio frequency exposure on children's health comprise the following studies:

Epidemiological studies on the effects of low and radio frequency on children

337 studies in total
  1. Leukemia
    134 studies
  2. Other health effects
    89 studies
  3. Pregnancy outcomes
    88 studies
  4. Brain/CNS tumor
    68 studies
  5. Other types of cancer
    32 studies
  6. Lymphoma
    20 studies
  7. Cancer (unspecified)
    19 studies

Pregnancy outcomes

88 studies in total
  1. Low frequency
    68 studies
  2. Radio frequency
    33 studies
  3. DC and static fields
    one study

Radio frequency 33 studies in total

List view
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Authors Year Study type Study group Observation period Study location Endpoints Parameters
Authors Year Study type Study group Observation period Study location Endpoints Parameters
Strizek B et al. 2015 case-control study children in utero, newborns 2008 - 2012 Belgium birth weight MRI, also other exposures without EMF
Boileau N et al. 2020 - children in utero, newborns 2014 - 2017 France fetal growth, APGAR score, malformations, birth weight and head circumference mobile communications, mobile phone
Baker PN et al. 1994 cross-sectional study children, children in utero, 0–3 years - UK reproductive effects and pregnancy outcomes, others MRI
Kok RD et al. 2004 - children, children in utero, newborns, 0–9 years 1998 - 2000 The Netherlands birth weight, gestational age at birth, type of delivery, and arterial pH at birth, neurological evaluation (functioning of eyes and ears), gross and fine motor functioning, social development and communication MRI
Mjoen G et al. 2006 cohort study men, children in utero, newborns 1976 - 1995 Norway birth defects, preterm delivery, low birth weight, male proportion and perinatal mortality RF field, occupational
Baste V et al. 2012 cohort study men, children in utero, newborns 1950 - 2004 Norway sex ratio, congenital malformation, perinatal mortality, low birth weight, preterm birth, low weight in relation to gestational age, preeclampsia RF field, radar, occupational
Logue JN et al. 1985 survey men, children in utero, newborns not stated USA congenital anomalies: Down syndrome, clubfoot, cleft lip/palate, missing fingers or toes, heart defect, digestive difect, spina bifida, condition requiring special education or care, cerebral palsy, hearing disorder RF field, microwaves, occupational, also other exposures without EMF, therapeutic/medical device
Preece AW et al. 2007 survey men, women, children 2001 Cyprus all cancer, all childhood cancer, reproductive history, sex ratio, congenital abnormalities, specific illnesses such as diabetes, migraine; childhood illnesses, mortality, general health, risk perception RF field, residential
Baste V et al. 2015 cohort study men, women, children in utero, newborns 1999 - 2009 Norway congenital malformation, perinatal mortality, low birth weight, preterm birth, small for gestational age, abruptio placentae, sex ratio, preeclampsia mobile phone, mobile communications
Myers C et al. 1998 - women, children in utero not stated UK gestational age at delivery, APGAR scores at 1 and 5 min, admission to the neonatal unit, method of delivery, birthweight and individualized birthweight ratio MRI
Tan TC et al. 2014 case-control study women, children in utero November 2010 - February 2011 Singapore threatened miscarriage mobile phone, mobile communications, other domestic appliance, personal
Zhou LY et al. 2017 cross-sectional study women, children in utero January 2000 - December 2013 China spontaneous abortion mobile phone, mobile phone base station, mobile communications, microw. oven/heating device, induction cooker, electric blanket, residential, personal, also other exposures without EMF
Irani M et al. 2023 meta-analysis women, children in utero - Iran, USA miscarriage mobile communications, mobile phone, low frequency, EMF general, also other exposures without EMF, occupational
Ray JG et al. 2016 cohort study women, children in utero, 16–49 years 2003 - 2015 Canada stillbirth, neonatal death within 28 days of birth, congenital anomaly, neoplasm, hearing or vision loss MRI
Mahmoudabadi FS et al. 2015 case-control study women, children in utero, 18–35 years not stated Iran spontaneous abortion mobile phone, mobile communications
Guberan E et al. 1994 survey women, children in utero, newborns 1973 - 1992 Switzerland gender ratio of offspring occupational, therapeutic/medical device
Larsen AI et al. 1991 cohort study women, children in utero, newborns 1978 - 1985 Denmark spontaneous abortion, low birth weight, stillbirth, infant death within one year RF field, occupational, therapeutic/medical device
Larsen AI 1991 case-control study women, children in utero, newborns 1978 - 1985 Denmark congenital malformations RF field, occupational, therapeutic/medical device
Lerman Y et al. 2001 case-control study women, children in utero, newborns not stated Israel spontaneous abortion, congenital malformations, prematurity, and low birth weight occupational, therapeutic/medical device
Taskinen H et al. 1990 case-control study women, children in utero, newborns 1973 -1983 Finland spontaneous abortion, congenital malformation microwaves, occupational, therapeutic/medical device
Kallen B et al. 1982 cohort study women, children in utero, newborns 1973 - 1978 Sweden perinatal death, serious malformation, short gestational duration, and low birth weight microwaves, occupational, therapeutic/medical device
Kanal E et al. 1993 - women, children in utero, newborns 1990 USA live birth, miscarriage, infertility, preterm delivery, gender of the offspring, and birth weight RF field, magnetic field, static magnetic field, DC, MRI, occupational
Mortazavi SM et al. 2013 - women, children in utero, newborns not stated Iran birth weight mobile phone, mobile communications, cordless phone, PC/TV monitor, personal, also other exposures without EMF
Col-Araz N 2013 - women, children in utero, newborns May - December 2009 Turkey birth weight and preterm birth mobile phone, mobile communications, PC/TV monitor, personal
Tsarna E et al. 2019 - women, children in utero, newborns 1996 - 2011 Denmark, Netherlands, Spain and Korea pregnancy duration, fetal growth and birth weight mobile phone, mobile communications