Experimental studies on the effects of young animals include studies with young animals prenatally or postnatally (before or after hatching) exposed to electromagnetic fields.
Young animals in this spirit means animals of the whole animal kingdom (but in this context mainly mammals and birds), exposed and investigated before their adulthood.
The graphics also include some experimental studies with children.
Authors | Year | Exposed system | Endpoints | Frequency range | SAR | Exposure duration | Parameters |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Su L et al. | 2020 | culture medium | - | 50 Hz | - | - | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Husheer J et al. | 2020 | - | - | 50–400 Hz | - | - | 50/60 Hz, electric current application |
Beltrán-Frutos E et al. | 2021 | - | - | 4 MHz | - | - | intermediate frequency, therapeutic/medical device |
Zhou J et al. | 2021 | intact cell/cell culture, newborn rat calvarial osteoblasts, animal, rat/Wistar | - | 10–100 Hz | - | - | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, low frequency |
Mohammadi B et al. | 2021 | animal, rat/Wistar | - | 50 Hz–900 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, mobile phone, 50/60 Hz, magnetic field |
Ozturk H et al. | 2022 | animal, rat/Sprague Dawley | - | - | - | - | magnetic field, low frequency, 50/60 Hz |
Li Y et al. | 2022 | invertebrate, honeybee (<i>Apis cerana</i>) | - | - | - | - | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Shakina LA et al. | 2018 | invertebrate, <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i> (eggs) | - | 0 Hz–36.94 GHz | - | - | millimeter waves, static magnetic field |
Bryan YF et al. | 2006 | - | - | - | - | - | MRI |
Şenol N et al. | 2023 | animal, rat/ Wistar albino | - | - | - | - | 50/60 Hz, electric field, co-exposure, also other exposures without EMF |
Guo Y et al. | 2023 | animal, zebrafish (<i>Danio rerio</i>) | - | - | - | - | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Nassisi V et al. | 2023 | animal, zebrafish (<i>Danio rerio</i>) larvae | - | 0 Hz–900 MHz | - | - | UHF fields, RF field, static magnetic field, low frequency, intermediate frequency |
Tahir E et al. | 2024 | - | - | - | - | - | 2.45 GHz, W-LAN/WiFi, microwaves |
Krzystolik J et al. | 2024 | - | - | - | - | - | power transmission line, electrical substation, magnetic field |
Taormina B et al. | 2019 | invertebrate, European lobster (<i>Homarus gammarus</i>), whole body | avoidance/attraction test and a test for exploratory and shelter seeking behavior | - | - | 1 week (unclear whether animals were also exposed during test) (test for exploratory and shelter seeking behavior) and 45 minutes (avoidance/attraction test) | magnetic field, static magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, DC, underground cable |
Mannerling AC et al. | 2007 | animal, chicken embryos/White Leghorn, whole body | survival rate | 50 Hz | - | 10, 20 or 60 min | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, co-exposure |
Campos-Sanchez E et al. | 2019 | animal, mouse/Sca1‐ETV6‐RUNX1 (model organism for childhood leukemia), whole body | development of childhood leukemia in mouse model | 50 Hz | - | 10min/5min on/off cycle for 20 hours/day from conception until 3 months of age | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Stankevičiūtė M et al. | 2019 | invertebrate, animal, rainbow trout eggs/larvae (<i>Oncorhynchus mykiss</i>), Baltic clam (<i>Limecola balthica</i>) and common ragworm (<i>Hediste diversicolor</i>), whole body | genotoxicity and cytotoxicity in larval rainbow trout, Baltic clam and common ragworm | 50 Hz | - | 12 days (invertebrates) or 40 days (fish larvae) | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Truong H et al. | 1996 | animal, DJungarian hamster (<i>Phodopus sungorus</i>), whole body | - | 60 Hz | - | 15 min/day for 25 days | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, co-exposure |
Abramsson-Zetterberg L et al. | 2001 | animal, mouse/CBA/Ca, whole body | number of micronuclei | 50 Hz | - | 18 days (exposed or sham exposed) | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Selmaoui B et al. | 1999 | animal, rat/Wistar | serum melatonin level and enzyme activities in the pineal gland | 50 Hz | - | 18 hours/day for 1 week | magnetic field, low frequency, 50/60 Hz |
Khoshroo MM et al. | 2018 | animal, carp fingerling (<i>Cyprinus carpio</i>), whole body | immune and stress parameters | 50 Hz | - | 2 hours | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
DiCarlo AL et al. | 1999 | animal, chicken/White Leghorn (eggs), whole body | survival rate | 60 Hz | - | 20 min | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, co-exposure |
Abou-Ali G et al. | 2002 | - | - | 10 Hz–5 MHz | - | 20-30 min | electric field |
Negishi T et al. | 2008 | animal, mouse/CD-1, whole body | malignant lymphoma and lymphatic leukemia | 50 Hz | - | 22 h/day, 7 days/week for 30 weeks | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
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