Experimental studies on the effects of young animals include studies with young animals prenatally or postnatally (before or after hatching) exposed to electromagnetic fields.
Young animals in this spirit means animals of the whole animal kingdom (but in this context mainly mammals and birds), exposed and investigated before their adulthood.
The graphics also include some experimental studies with children.
Authors | Year | Exposed system | Endpoints | Frequency range | SAR | Exposure duration | Parameters |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Beraldi R et al. | 2003 | animal, mouse/CD-1 (embryo), whole body | embryo survival | 50 Hz | - | continuous for 5 days | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Udroiu I et al. | 2015 | animal, mouse/CD-1 Swiss (adults, fetuses and young animals), whole body | DNA damage, teratogenicity | 50 Hz | - | continuous form day 11.5 post conception to day 21 after birth (weaning) (30 days in total) | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, co-exposure |
Udroiu I et al. | 2006 | animal, mouse/CD-1 Swiss, whole body | clastogenic and aneugenic effects | 50 Hz | - | 24 h/day for 21 days | magnetic field, low frequency, 50/60 Hz |
Negishi T et al. | 2008 | animal, mouse/CD-1, whole body | malignant lymphoma and lymphatic leukemia | 50 Hz | - | 22 h/day, 7 days/week for 30 weeks | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Kubinyi G et al. | 1998 | animal, mouse/CFLP (embryos and adults), whole body | - | 50 Hz | - | - | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Marino AA et al. | 1980 | animal, mouse/Ha/ICR, whole body | - | 60 Hz | - | from the pregnancy of the first generation until 119th day after birth of the third generation | electric field, 50/60 Hz |
Magin RL et al. | 2000 | animal, mouse/ICR:HD, whole body | - | 170 MHz | 0.2 W/kg | - | MRI, co-exposure, also other exposures without EMF |
Vallejo D et al. | 2019 | animal, mouse/OF1 | blood coagulation | 50 Hz | - | from gestation to 31-35 weeks of age | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Vallejo D et al. | 2001 | animal, mouse/OF1, whole body | leukemia | 50 Hz | - | continuous during pregnancy and for 14-15 or 50-52 weeks after birth | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Vallejo D et al. | 2003 | animal, mouse/OF1, whole body | - | 50 Hz | - | continuous for 14 weeks | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Picazo ML et al. | 1996 | animal, mouse/Of1, whole body | - | 50 Hz | - | from conception until 14 weeks of age | magnetic field, low frequency, 50/60 Hz |
Campos-Sanchez E et al. | 2019 | animal, mouse/Sca1‐ETV6‐RUNX1 (model organism for childhood leukemia), whole body | development of childhood leukemia in mouse model | 50 Hz | - | 10min/5min on/off cycle for 20 hours/day from conception until 3 months of age | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Shen YH et al. | 1997 | animal, mouse/Swiss Webster, whole body | development of lymphoma and leukemia | 50 Hz | - | 3 h/day, 6 days/week for 16 weeks | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, co-exposure |
Singh S et al. | 1999 | animal, mouse/Swiss albino, whole body | - | 50 Hz | - | 8 h / day for 8 weeks | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Fey DP et al. | 2020 | animal, rainbow trout (<i>Oncorhynchus mykiss</i>) (eggs and larvae), whole body | inner ear organ asymmetry | 0 Hz | - | up to 36 days | 50/60 Hz, magnetic field, static magnetic field, DC |
Reiter RJ et al. | 1988 | animal, rat (embryo and young animal), whole body | - | 60 Hz | - | repeated daily exposure for 23 days, 19 hr/day. | electric field, 50/60 Hz |
Şenol N et al. | 2023 | animal, rat/ Wistar albino | - | - | - | - | 50/60 Hz, electric field, co-exposure, also other exposures without EMF |
Dupont MJ et al. | 2005 | animal, rat/ Wistar albino, whole body: fetus | - | 500 mHz | - | 48 h prenatal exposure with field off for 30 min every 4 h | magnetic field, geomagnetic field, low frequency, shielding/field deprivation |
Rajkovic V et al. | 2001 | animal, rat/Mill Hill, whole body | thyroid gland histology and thyroid hormone blood concentration in rats | 50 Hz | - | continuous for 7 h/day, 5 days/week, for 3 months | electric field, magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Rajkovic V et al. | 2005 | animal, rat/Mill Hill, whole body | effects on thyroid gland mast cells | 50 Hz | - | 7 h/day, 5 days/week for 3 months starting 24 h after birth | electric field, magnetic field, low frequency, 50/60 Hz |
Ozturk H et al. | 2022 | animal, rat/Sprague Dawley | - | - | - | - | magnetic field, low frequency, 50/60 Hz |
Soffritti M et al. | 2016 | animal, rat/Sprague Dawley, whole body | occurrence of tumors in rats | 50 Hz | - | continuous for 19 hours/day from the 12<sup>th</sup> day of pregnancy until death | magnetic field, co-exposure |
McClanahan BJ et al. | 1983 | animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley, whole body | - | 60 Hz | - | repeated daily exposure, 20 h/day for 30 days. | electric field, 50/60 Hz |
Soffritti M et al. | 2010 | animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley, whole body | mammary cancer | 50 Hz | - | continuous for 19 h/day from day 12 of fetal life (pregnancy) until spontaneous death of offspring | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, co-exposure |
Miyakoshi Y et al. | 2012 | animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley, whole body | micronuclei formation in astrocytes | 50 Hz | - | continuous for 72 h | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, co-exposure |
Selmaoui B et al. | 1999 | animal, rat/Wistar | serum melatonin level and enzyme activities in the pineal gland | 50 Hz | - | 18 hours/day for 1 week | magnetic field, low frequency, 50/60 Hz |
Mohammadi B et al. | 2021 | animal, rat/Wistar | - | 50 Hz–900 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, mobile phone, 50/60 Hz, magnetic field |
Ince B et al. | 2012 | animal, rat/Wistar albino | mineral content in rat teeth (calcium, zinc, magnesium, phosphorus) | 50 Hz | - | continuous 4 h/day during 45 days | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, co-exposure, also other exposures without EMF |
Gunes S et al. | 2020 | animal, rat/Wistar albino, whole body | diaphragm ultrastructure, electrophysiological and biochemical changes in diaphragm and blood | 50 Hz | - | 4 hours/day for 7 months | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Rajkovic V et al. | 2010 | animal, rat/Wistar, whole body | degranulation of cutaneous mast cells (as a marker of mast cell reaction) | 50 Hz | - | continuous for 4 hr/day for 30 days (postnatal days 23 to 53) | electric field, magnetic field, low frequency, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line |
Rajkovic V et al. | 2010 | animal, rat/Wistar, whole body | thyroid structure | 50 Hz | - | continuous for 4 hr/day (from 10:00 to 14:00) on 30 days | magnetic field, low frequency, 50/60 Hz, co-exposure |
Rageh MM et al. | 2012 | animal, rat/Wistar, whole body | DNA strand breaks in brain cells; chromosome damage in bone marrow cells, cytotoxicity in brain and bone marrow cells; oxidative stress | 50 Hz | - | continuous for 24 h/day on 30 days | magnetic field, low frequency, 50/60 Hz |
Lee Jr JM et al. | 1993 | animal, sheep/Suffolk (lambs), whole body | - | 60 Hz | - | 40 weeks. | electric field, magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line |
Lee Jr JM et al. | 1995 | animal, sheep/Suffolk, whole body | - | 60 Hz | - | - | electric field, magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Barton BA et al. | 1996 | animal, trout (rainbow trout), whole body | - | - | - | two times 5 seconds, separated by 5 minutes | touch current, 50/60 Hz, electric injuries/electrocution |
Guo Y et al. | 2023 | animal, zebrafish (<i>Danio rerio</i>) | - | - | - | - | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Myklatun A et al. | 2018 | animal, zebrafish (<i>Danio rerio</i>) and medaka | - | 0–1 Hz | - | - | geomagnetic field, magnetic field |
Nassisi V et al. | 2023 | animal, zebrafish (<i>Danio rerio</i>) larvae | - | 0 Hz–900 MHz | - | - | UHF fields, RF field, static magnetic field, low frequency, intermediate frequency |
Su L et al. | 2020 | culture medium | - | 50 Hz | - | - | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Machata AM et al. | 2009 | human | - | - | 0.3–3.9 W/kg | - | MRI |
Leitgeb N et al. | 2007 | human, partial body: forearms | perception threshold | 50 Hz | - | current linearly increased until perception of current | touch current, electric current application, 50/60 Hz |
Kim SK et al. | 2013 | human, partial body: head | heart rate, respiratory rate, subjective symptoms, magnetic field perception | 60 Hz | - | continuous for 32 min | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Leitgeb N et al. | 2005 | human, partial body: lateral side of the forearm | electric current perception | 50 Hz | - | until first perception of the current | touch current, electric current application, 50/60 Hz |
Leitgeb N et al. | 2006 | human, partial body: lateral side of the forearm | electric current perception | 50 Hz | - | until first perception of current; repeated 6 times with a 3 min break between the tests | touch current, electric current application, 50/60 Hz |
Bellieni CV et al. | 2012 | human, whole body | melatonin production | 50 Hz | - | - | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, therapeutic/medical device |
Vadeyar SH et al. | 2000 | human, whole body: embryo <i>in utero</i> | - | - | - | - | MRI |
Poutamo J et al. | 1998 | human, whole body: embryo <i>in utero</i> | - | - | 1.2–3.8 W/kg | - | MRI |
Björasen AM et al. | 2004 | intact cell/cell culture, K562 cells (human erythroleukemic cell line), animal, chicken embryos/White Leghorn, whole body | survival/mortality | 50 Hz | - | continuous for 20 min (MF) and 75 min (UV-C) | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, co-exposure |
Zhou J et al. | 2021 | intact cell/cell culture, newborn rat calvarial osteoblasts, animal, rat/Wistar | - | 10–100 Hz | - | - | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, low frequency |
Zhou J et al. | 2019 | intact cell/cell culture, rat calvarial osteoblasts, rat/Sprague Dawley, animal, whole body | effects on bone, osteoblasts and underlying signal pathways | 50 Hz | - | <i>in vivo</i>: 90 min/day for 2 months, <i>in vitro</i>: 90 min | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
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