Experimental studies on the effects of young animals include studies with young animals prenatally or postnatally (before or after hatching) exposed to electromagnetic fields.
Young animals in this spirit means animals of the whole animal kingdom (but in this context mainly mammals and birds), exposed and investigated before their adulthood.
The graphics also include some experimental studies with children.
Authors | Year | Exposed system | Endpoints | Frequency range | SAR | Exposure duration | Parameters |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tahir E et al. | 2024 | - | - | - | - | - | 2.45 GHz, W-LAN/WiFi, microwaves |
Husheer J et al. | 2020 | - | - | 50–400 Hz | - | - | 50/60 Hz, electric current application |
Şenol N et al. | 2023 | animal, rat/ Wistar albino | - | - | - | - | 50/60 Hz, electric field, co-exposure, also other exposures without EMF |
Luo Q et al. | 2006 | ICR mouse embryo cultures | DNA damage (double-strand breaks) | 50 Hz | - | 24 h | 50/60 Hz, magnetic field, low frequency, co-exposure |
Fey DP et al. | 2020 | animal, rainbow trout (<i>Oncorhynchus mykiss</i>) (eggs and larvae), whole body | inner ear organ asymmetry | 0 Hz | - | up to 36 days | 50/60 Hz, magnetic field, static magnetic field, DC |
Vadeyar SH et al. | 2000 | human, whole body: embryo <i>in utero</i> | - | - | - | - | MRI |
Machata AM et al. | 2009 | human | - | - | 0.3–3.9 W/kg | - | MRI |
Poutamo J et al. | 1998 | human, whole body: embryo <i>in utero</i> | - | - | 1.2–3.8 W/kg | - | MRI |
Lo C et al. | 2014 | - | - | - | - | - | MRI |
Bryan YF et al. | 2006 | - | - | - | - | - | MRI |
Magin RL et al. | 2000 | animal, mouse/ICR:HD, whole body | - | 170 MHz | 0.2 W/kg | - | MRI, co-exposure, also other exposures without EMF |
Cawley P et al. | 2016 | - | - | - | - | - | RF field, MRI |
Nassisi V et al. | 2023 | animal, zebrafish (<i>Danio rerio</i>) larvae | - | 0 Hz–900 MHz | - | - | UHF fields, RF field, static magnetic field, low frequency, intermediate frequency |
Abou-Ali G et al. | 2002 | - | - | 10 Hz–5 MHz | - | 20-30 min | electric field |
Hinsenkamp MG et al. | 1982 | - | - | - | - | - | electric field |
Skarja M et al. | 2009 | - | - | - | - | - | electric field |
Postner M et al. | 1995 | - | - | - | - | - | electric field |
Reiter RJ et al. | 1988 | animal, rat (embryo and young animal), whole body | - | 60 Hz | - | repeated daily exposure for 23 days, 19 hr/day. | electric field, 50/60 Hz |
Marino AA et al. | 1980 | animal, mouse/Ha/ICR, whole body | - | 60 Hz | - | from the pregnancy of the first generation until 119th day after birth of the third generation | electric field, 50/60 Hz |
McClanahan BJ et al. | 1983 | animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley, whole body | - | 60 Hz | - | repeated daily exposure, 20 h/day for 30 days. | electric field, 50/60 Hz |
Shafey TM et al. | 2006 | animal, chicken embryos (eggs), whole body | weight of the lymphoid organs and immune response in chickens | 60 Hz | - | continuous for 18 days | electric field, 50/60 Hz |
Shafey TM et al. | 2006 | animal, chicken embryos (eggs), whole body | - | 20 Hz–100 kHz | - | not given in this article | electric field, intermediate frequency, 50/60 Hz |
Fitzsimmons RJ et al. | 1986 | - | - | 10 Hz | - | - | electric field, low frequency |
Lee Jr JM et al. | 1995 | animal, sheep/Suffolk, whole body | - | 60 Hz | - | - | electric field, magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Rajkovic V et al. | 2001 | animal, rat/Mill Hill, whole body | thyroid gland histology and thyroid hormone blood concentration in rats | 50 Hz | - | continuous for 7 h/day, 5 days/week, for 3 months | electric field, magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Lee Jr JM et al. | 1993 | animal, sheep/Suffolk (lambs), whole body | - | 60 Hz | - | 40 weeks. | electric field, magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line |
Dell'Omo G et al. | 2009 | animal, kestrel/Eurasian (<i>Falco tinnunculus</i>), whole body | growth, melatonin secretion, leukocyte count and fledging success (of kestrels) | 50–60 Hz | - | breeding season of the year 2000 | electric field, magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line |
Rajkovic V et al. | 2005 | animal, rat/Mill Hill, whole body | effects on thyroid gland mast cells | 50 Hz | - | 7 h/day, 5 days/week for 3 months starting 24 h after birth | electric field, magnetic field, low frequency, 50/60 Hz |
Rajkovic V et al. | 2010 | animal, rat/Wistar, whole body | degranulation of cutaneous mast cells (as a marker of mast cell reaction) | 50 Hz | - | continuous for 4 hr/day for 30 days (postnatal days 23 to 53) | electric field, magnetic field, low frequency, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line |
Baum SJ | 1979 | - | - | 5 Hz–1 MHz | - | repeated daily exposure, 8 h/day, for 45 days | electric field, signals/pulses |
Wiltschko W et al. | 2007 | animal, chicken | - | 0 Hz–1.566 MHz | - | - | geomagnetic field, intermediate frequency, static magnetic field, co-exposure |
Myklatun A et al. | 2018 | animal, zebrafish (<i>Danio rerio</i>) and medaka | - | 0–1 Hz | - | - | geomagnetic field, magnetic field |
Beltrán-Frutos E et al. | 2021 | - | - | 4 MHz | - | - | intermediate frequency, therapeutic/medical device |
Whissell PD et al. | 2007 | - | - | - | - | - | magnetic field |
St-Pierre LS et al. | 2007 | - | - | 500 mHz | - | from day 3 before birth until day 14 after birth | magnetic field |
St-Pierre LS et al. | 2008 | - | - | - | - | - | magnetic field |
Martin AH et al. | 1995 | animal, chicken embryos/White Leghorn, whole body | - | 60 Hz | - | continuous for 72 h | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Moses GC et al. | 1993 | animal, chicken embryos/White Leghorn (eggs), whole body | - | 60 Hz | - | continuous for 3 days | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Moses GC et al. | 1992 | animal, chicken embryos/White Leghorn (eggs), whole body | - | 60 Hz | - | continuous for 78-88 h | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Miyakawa T et al. | 2001 | invertebrate, <i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i>/PC72 (transgenic, with reporter gene construct encoding beta-galactosidase under control of <i>hsp16</i> heat shock promotor) | gene expression (of the heat shock protein-16 gene, HSP16) | 60 Hz | - | up to 120 min | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Abramsson-Zetterberg L et al. | 2001 | animal, mouse/CBA/Ca, whole body | number of micronuclei | 50 Hz | - | 18 days (exposed or sham exposed) | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Otaka Y et al. | 2002 | animal, mouse/B6C3F1 (F1 generation from male C3H/HeJ and female C57BL/6J mice), whole body | tumor incidence | 50 Hz | - | (females) 2 and (males) 9 weeks | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Beraldi R et al. | 2003 | animal, mouse/CD-1 (embryo), whole body | embryo survival | 50 Hz | - | continuous for 5 days | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Vallejo D et al. | 2001 | animal, mouse/OF1, whole body | leukemia | 50 Hz | - | continuous during pregnancy and for 14-15 or 50-52 weeks after birth | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Vallejo D et al. | 2003 | animal, mouse/OF1, whole body | - | 50 Hz | - | continuous for 14 weeks | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Singh S et al. | 1999 | animal, mouse/Swiss albino, whole body | - | 50 Hz | - | 8 h / day for 8 weeks | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Negishi T et al. | 2008 | animal, mouse/CD-1, whole body | malignant lymphoma and lymphatic leukemia | 50 Hz | - | 22 h/day, 7 days/week for 30 weeks | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Yao K et al. | 2007 | animal, mouse/BALB/c, whole body | embryonic eye lens development | 50 Hz | - | 3 h/day for 18 days (from day 0 to 18 of gestation) | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Kubinyi G et al. | 1998 | animal, mouse/CFLP (embryos and adults), whole body | - | 50 Hz | - | - | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Kabacik S et al. | 2013 | animal, mouse/C57BL/6, whole body | gene expression | 50 Hz | - | continuous for 2 hours | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
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