Experimental studies on the effects of young animals include studies with young animals prenatally or postnatally (before or after hatching) exposed to electromagnetic fields.
Young animals in this spirit means animals of the whole animal kingdom (but in this context mainly mammals and birds), exposed and investigated before their adulthood.
The graphics also include some experimental studies with children.
Authors | Year | Exposed system | Endpoints | Frequency range | SAR | Exposure duration | Parameters |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Spiers DE et al. | 1987 | animal, rat/albino (<i>Rattus norvegicus</i>), whole body | thermoragulatory responses | 2.45 GHz | - | 4h/day for 10 days | microwaves, CW continuous wave, 2.45 GHz |
Bianco B et al. | 1979 | - | - | 100–2,000 MHz | - | - | RF field, microwaves |
Smialowicz RJ et al. | 1979 | - | - | 2.45 GHz | - | continuous | microwaves, CW continuous wave, 2.45 GHz |
Chalfin S et al. | 2002 | animal, rhesus monkey (<i>Macaca mulatta</i>), partial body: eye | effects on eye/ocular examination | 35 GHz | - | 1.5 s to 5 s | millimeter waves, PW pulsed wave |
Thalau HP et al. | 2003 | animal, chicken embryos/White Leghorn, whole body | temperature changes | 1.25 GHz | - | 1 to 2 h per day for 21 days | RF field |
Celik O et al. | 2004 | human, pregnant females, whole body | fetal heart rate | 800–1,800 MHz | - | continuous for 5 min | mobile communications, mobile phone |
Jamakosmanovic A et al. | 1981 | - | - | 2,450 MHz | - | not specified | microwaves, 2.45 GHz |
Rezk AY et al. | 2008 | human, partial body: head of the mother | fetal and neonatal heart rate and cardiac output | 900 MHz | - | 10 min | mobile phone, GSM, mobile communications |
Vadeyar SH et al. | 2000 | human, whole body: embryo <i>in utero</i> | - | - | - | - | MRI |
Peyman A et al. | 2009 | - | - | - | - | - | microwaves, wireless transmitter |
Zareen N et al. | 2009 | animal, chicken embryos/Desi (eggs), whole body | effects on the eye: retinal differentiation | 1,800 MHz | - | 15 min twice daily for up to 15 days | mobile phone, mobile communications, RF field |
Hässig M et al. | 2009 | animal, calf, whole body | effects on eye (nuclear cataract; oxidative stress) | - | - | continuous for 1 year | mobile communications, mobile phone base station, GSM, UMTS |
Tomruk A et al. | 2010 | animal, rabbit/New Zealand White, whole body | oxidative stress induced liver damage (hepato-toxicity: DNA damage, lipid peroxidation and malondialdehyde level) | 1,800 MHz | - | continuous for 15 min/day on 7 days | digital mobile phone, GSM, mobile communications, PW pulsed wave |
Ozgur E et al. | 2013 | animal, rabbit/New Zealand, whole body: prenatal and/or postnatal | blood parameters, lipid peroxidation | 1,800 MHz | - | 15 min/day for 7 days in pregnant animals (between 15th and 22nd day of gestation), for 7 days in female infants and for 14 days in male infants | mobile phone, GSM, mobile communications |
Bastide M et al. | 2001 | animal, chicken embryos (eggs) and chicks, mouse/C57BL/6 j RJ, whole body | cancer in mice, hormone levels in chicken and mice, antibody levels in chicken, mortality in chicken embryos | 900 MHz | - | continuous for up to 15 weeks | mobile phone, GSM, mobile communications, magnetic field, low frequency, 50/60 Hz, PC/TV monitor, shielding/field deprivation |
Seckin E et al. | 2014 | animal, rat/Wistar albino (<i>in utero</i> and young animals), whole body | - | 900 MHz | - | 1 h/day starting on the 12th day of pregnancy until 21 days after delivery | mobile phone, GSM, mobile communications |
Lo C et al. | 2014 | - | - | - | - | - | MRI |
Odaci E et al. | 2015 | animal, rat/Sprague Dawley, whole body | - | 900 MHz | - | - | RF field |
Buchner K et al. | 2014 | animal, pig (German Landrace (sows) and German Landrace x Pietrain (piglets)), whole body | fertility of sows and malformation rate of piglets | 900 MHz | - | continuous | mobile phone base station, GSM, mobile communications |
Bedir R et al. | 2015 | animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley (embryo), whole body | development of kidneys | 900 MHz | - | continuous for 20 days during pregnancy | mobile phone, mobile communications |
Ohtani S et al. | 2015 | - | - | 2.14 GHz | - | - | mobile communications, W-CDMA |
Shivashankara AR et al. | 2015 | human | - | - | - | - | mobile phone, mobile communications |
Masuda H et al. | 2015 | animal, rat/Sprague Dawley | - | 1,457 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, PDC, microwaves |
Ait-Aissa S et al. | 2013 | - | - | 2.45 GHz | - | - | RF field, W-LAN/WiFi, 2.45 GHz |
Yuksel M et al. | 2016 | - | - | 900–2,450 MHz | - | - | mobile phone, GSM, mobile communications, W-LAN/WiFi, 2.45 GHz |
Fedorov VI et al. | 2015 | - | - | 0.1–2.2 THz | - | - | TeraHz |
Nisbet HO et al. | 2016 | - | - | 900–1,800 MHz | - | - | mobile phone, GSM, mobile communications |
Kuybulu AE et al. | 2016 | - | - | 2.45 GHz | - | - | mobile communications, RF field, W-LAN/WiFi, 2.45 GHz |
Erkut A et al. | 2016 | - | - | 1,800 MHz | - | - | RF field |
Cawley P et al. | 2016 | - | - | - | - | - | RF field, MRI |
Yilmaz A et al. | 2017 | animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley | - | 900 MHz | - | - | mobile phone, mobile communications |
Meral O et al. | 2016 | animal, rabbit/New Zealand White | - | 1,800 MHz | - | - | GSM, mobile communications, RF field |
Bhargav H et al. | 2017 | human | - | 2,100 MHz | - | - | mobile phone, UMTS, mobile communications |
Budak GG et al. | 2009 | animal, rabbit/New Zealand White | - | 1,800 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, GSM, PW pulsed wave |
Othman H et al. | 2017 | - | - | 2.45 GHz | - | - | 2.45 GHz, W-LAN/WiFi |
Kulaber A et al. | 2017 | animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley | - | 900 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, RF field |
Misek J et al. | 2018 | human, partial body | - | 1,788 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, PW pulsed wave |
Okatan DÖ et al. | 2018 | animal, rat/Sprague Dawley | - | 900 MHz | - | - | mobile communications |
Topsakal S et al. | 2017 | animal, rat/Sprague Dawley | - | - | - | - | 2.45 GHz, W-LAN/WiFi |
Bektas H et al. | 2018 | human | - | - | - | - | mobile communications, mobile phone |
Çiftçi ZZ et al. | 2018 | - | - | - | - | - | 2.45 GHz, W-LAN/WiFi, co-exposure, also other exposures without EMF |
Shojaeifard MB et al. | 2018 | animal, rat/Wistar | - | - | - | - | mobile communications, RF field |
Yakymenko I et al. | 2018 | animal, Japanese quail eggs | - | 1,800 MHz | - | - | mobile phone, mobile communications |
Kim JH et al. | 2019 | animal, mouse/ICR | - | 1,850 MHz | - | - | mobile communications |
Okatan DÖ et al. | 2019 | animal, rat/Sprague Dawley, whole body | - | 900 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, mobile phone |
Smith-Roe SL et al. | 2020 | animal, mouse/B6C3F1/N, rat/Sprague-Dawley | - | 900–1,900 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, GSM, CDMA, mobile phone |
Bosquillon de Jenlis A et al. | 2020 | - | - | 900 MHz | - | - | RF field, CW continuous wave, co-exposure, also other exposures without EMF |
Tumkaya L et al. | 2019 | animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley | - | 1,800 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, mobile phone, RF field, W-LAN/WiFi |
Habauzit D et al. | 2020 | - | - | 94 GHz | - | - | millimeter waves |
Nasiar N et al. | 2018 | human | - | - | - | - | mobile communications, mobile phone, mobile phone base station, residential |
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