Study overviews

Experimental studies on the effects of young animals include studies with young animals prenatally or postnatally (before or after hatching) exposed to electromagnetic fields.

Young animals in this spirit means animals of the whole animal kingdom (but in this context mainly mammals and birds), exposed and investigated before their adulthood.

The graphics also include some experimental studies with children.

Experimental studies on the effects of low and radio frequency on young animals

842 studies in total
  1. Teratogenicity, embryogenesis
    308 studies
  2. Other
    297 studies
  3. Central nervous system
    115 studies
  4. Behavior and cognitive processes
    52 studies
  5. Fertility
    45 studies
  6. Growth
    15 studies
  7. Endocrinologic processes
    10 studies

Teratogenicity, embryogenesis

308 studies in total
  1. Low frequency
    156 studies
  2. Radio frequency
    134 studies
  3. DC and static fields
    38 studies
  4. Other
    2 studies

Low frequency 156 studies in total

List view
10 25 50
Authors Year Exposed system Endpoints Frequency range SAR Exposure duration Parameters
Authors Year Exposed system Endpoints Frequency range SAR Exposure duration Parameters
Wiley MJ et al. 1992 - - 20 kHz - - magnetic field, PC/TV monitor, intermediate frequency
Zusman I et al. 1990 animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley and mouse - 1–100 Hz - - electric field, low frequency, signals/pulses
Veicsteinas A et al. 1996 animal, chicken embryos/White Leghorn (eggs), whole body - 50 Hz - - 50/60 Hz, magnetic field
Pafkova H et al. 1996 animal, chicken embryos (eggs), whole body - 50 Hz - - magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, co-exposure
Konermann G et al. 1986 animal, mouse/albino - - - - static magnetic field, DC, MRI
Sienkiewicz ZJ et al. 1994 animal, mouse/CD-1 (embryo), whole body - 50 Hz - - magnetic field, 50/60 Hz
Terol FF et al. 1994 - - 0 Hz–1 kHz - - -
Maffeo S et al. 1988 - - 100 Hz - - magnetic field, signals/pulses
Kubiak JZ et al. 1985 - - - - - electric field, signals/pulses
Ozil JP et al. 1986 - - - - - signals/pulses, electric current application
Tyndall DA 1990 animal, mouse/C57BL/6J, whole body: <i>in utero</i> - - - - MRI, co-exposure, also other exposures without EMF
Karja NW et al. 2006 - - - - - electric field, signals/pulses
Nishikawa U et al. 1986 - - - - - signals/pulses
Nishimura I et al. 2009 - - - - - magnetic field, PC/TV monitor, induction cooker, intermediate frequency
Grefner NM et al. 1998 animal, tadpoles of <i>Rana temporaria</i> L., whole body - 50 Hz - - magnetic field, 50/60 Hz
Gu Y et al. 2001 animal, mouse/ICR (embryo), whole body: <i>in utero</i> - - - - MRI, also other exposures without EMF, co-exposure
Kay HH et al. 1988 animal, embryos of <i>Xenopus laevis</i> (African clawed frog), whole body: <i>in ovo</i> - 64 MHz - - MRI
Prasad N et al. 1982 animal, embryos of <i>Rana pipiens</i> (Northern leopard frog), whole body: <i>in ovo</i> - 30 MHz - - MRI
Rofsky NM et al. 1994 animal, mouse/CD-1, whole body - - - - MRI, co-exposure, also other exposures without EMF
Jiang ML et al. 2003 animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley (embryo), whole body: <i>in utero</i> - - - - MRI
Zhu C et al. 2011 animal, rat/Wistar (embryo), whole body: <i>in utero</i> - - - - MRI
Rooze M et al. 1985 - - 15 Hz - - electric field, low frequency, signals/pulses
Boga A et al. 2012 - - 16 Hz - - electric field, signals/pulses
Behr KP et al. 1991 animal, chicken embryos, whole body: <i>in ovo</i> - - - - RF field, static magnetic field, MRI
Lee W et al. 2014 - - 3.2 kHz - - magnetic field
Wang Y et al. 2016 human, whole body - - - - MRI
Krylov VV et al. 2016 - - 72.5–500 Hz - - magnetic field, low frequency, also other exposures without EMF, co-exposure
Pais-Roldan P et al. 2016 animal, zebrafish embryos and larvae - - - - static magnetic field, DC, MRI
Kantarcioglu E et al. 2018 animal, chicken/Super Nick (egg) - - - - static magnetic field, MRI
Nakagawa H et al. 2018 animal, mexican axolotl (<i>Ambystoma mexicanum</i>) - 10 Hz - - magnetic field, static magnetic field
Liu C et al. 2023 animal, zebrafish embryos (<i>Danio rerio</i>) - - - - static magnetic field, MRI
Prasad N et al. 1990 animal, embryos of <i>Rana pipiens</i> (Northern leopard frog), whole body: <i>in ovo</i> - 0 Hz - 1 hr RF field, static magnetic field, MRI
Joshi MV et al. 1978 - - 0 Hz - 1 hr magnetic field
Roda O et al. 2011 animal, fertilized eggs of <i>Gallus domesticus</i> (chicken; Leghorn HR7 variety) embryonal development 50 Hz - 1 s on - 0.5 s off - for 45 h, 15 days or 21 days magnetic field, low frequency, signals/pulses, 50/60 Hz
Sakamoto S et al. 1993 animal, rat/Sprague Dawley albino (adults, fetuses and neonatals), whole body - 60 Hz - 1.3 months (1 month prior to mating through lactation period), 3,3 months (3 mo prior to mating through lactation period) 50/60 Hz
Koch WE et al. 1991 animal, chicken embryos (eggs), whole body - 33–50 Hz - 10 times 10 ms, 6 times 1 ms, 26 times 20 ms or 5 times 30 ms magnetic field, low frequency, signals/pulses, 50/60 Hz
Severini M et al. 2003 animal, tadpoles of <i>Xenopus laevis</i>, whole body - 50 Hz–15.797 kHz - 12 h/day from day 3 untill metamorphosis magnetic field, intermediate frequency, 50/60 Hz
Frölen H et al. 1993 animal, mouse/CBA/s, whole body embryogenesis 20 kHz - 12, 14, 18, or 19 days magnetic field, signals/pulses, intermediate frequency
Desta AB et al. 1999 animal, chicken embryos (eggs), whole body - 60 Hz - 15 h, 18 h, 23 h and 28 h magnetic field, 50/60 Hz
McGivern RF et al. 1990 - - 15 Hz - 15 min twice a days from day 15 till day 20 of gestation signals/pulses
Ravera S et al. 2006 - - 75 Hz - 150 min low frequency, magnetic field
Nguyen P et al. 1995 intact cell/cell culture, embryonic cells from <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i>, invertebrate, <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i> (embryo), whole body - 60 Hz - 16 to 18 h 50/60 Hz, magnetic field
Ryan BM et al. 2000 animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley, whole body - 60 Hz - 18.5 h/day, 7 days/week, from gestation day 6 - 19 magnetic field, low frequency, 50/60 Hz
Rommereim DN et al. 1987 animal, rat/Charles River, whole body - 60 Hz - 19 h/day electric field, 50/60 Hz
Di Carlo AL et al. 1999 animal, chicken embryos (eggs), whole body - 60 Hz - 2 min to 2 h magnetic field, 50/60 Hz
Falugi C et al. 1987 - - 5 kHz - 2 to 4 hrs signals/pulses
Sikov MR et al. 1987 animal, swine/Hanford miniatur, whole body malformations, development, weight and size of foetuses, number, weight, size, development and health status of pups 60 Hz - 20 h/day, 7 days/week electric field, 50/60 Hz
Toman R et al. 2002 - - - - 20 min magnetic field
Martin AH 1988 - - 100 Hz - 24 h magnetic field, low frequency, signals/pulses
Shams Lahijani M et al. 2007 animal, chicken embryos/White Leghorn, whole body brain and eye development 50 Hz - 24 h continuous magnetic field, 50/60 Hz